数据结构链表之符号表
符号表的介绍
- 之前章节介绍的顺序表和链表都是一个节点储存一个元素的表,但在日常生活中我们还有很多一次需要储存成对或多个值的情况,例如:
- 符号表最主要的目的将一对元素,用一个键和一个值将其联系起来,储存的值则是一个键和一个值共同组成的数据对,在查询元素时,我们只需要找到键即可查找到对应的元素
- 符号表的键具有唯一性
符号表的实现
- 可以用数组(Python中为列表)实现,也可以用链表实现,这里是链表,这里的节点实现和之前的链表实现有点不同,这里的节点有一个key、一个value还有一个next
- 有序符号表的实现,有序符号表指按照键的一定顺序对符号表进行排列,有序符号表的实现过程可以参照下面的图例:
在使用python代码实现符号表之前,看一下我们之前定义的链表,是下面这样的:
这里的head可以当做一个名称,它总是代表第一个结点,当没有首结点时,它为None,也没有next.
但本次我们将链表稍微修改一下,实现的链表是这样的:
这样子做是让代码写起来更加简洁易懂(可以省去很多需要单独对head结点进行的操作,实际上Java中的链表就是这样定义的)
主要用链表实现符号表的以下几个功能:
- size()获取符号表的大小
- show_items()以字典形式展示符号表中的元素
- put()将元素放入到符号表,需要考虑以键的顺序排列,重复键的value将会被替代
- delete()根据key来删除指定结点
- get_item()通过key获取对应结点的value
python代码实现
import operatorclass Node:def __init__(self, key, value):self.key = keyself.value = valueself.next = Noneclass SymbolTable:"""The head does not equal to the first element, but a none-value node"""def __init__(self):self.head = Node(None, None)self.len = 0def size(self):"""Length of this symbol table"""return self.lendef show_items(self):"""Show items in a dict"""items = {}cur = self.headwhile cur.next:cur = cur.nextitems[cur.key] = cur.valuereturn itemsdef put(self, _key, _value):"""Put element into the symbol table"""node = Node(_key, _value)cur = self.head.nextpre = self.headwhile cur and operator.gt(_key, cur.key):pre = curcur = cur.next# Key equals to _key, swap their valuesif cur and _key == cur.key:cur.value = _valuereturn# _key < cur.key or got to the endnode.next = curpre.next = nodeself.len += 1def delete(self, _key):"""Delete an element matched to the key"""pre = self.headcur = self.head.nextwhile cur:if _key == cur.key:pre.next = cur.nextself.len -= 1returnpre = curcur = cur.nextelse:raise ValueError('SymbolTable.delete(x): x not in table')def get_item(self, _key):"""Get a value matched to the key"""cur = self.headwhile cur.next:cur = cur.nextif _key == cur.key:return cur.value
功能测试
if __name__ == '__main__':ST = SymbolTable()key1 = 'f'key2 = 'g'key3 = 'h'key4 = 'e'print(f"Put a into key[{key1}]", ST.put(key1, 1))print(f"Put b into key[{key2}]", ST.put(key2, 2))print(f"Put c into key[{key3}]", ST.put(key3, 3))print(f"Put d into key[{key4}]", ST.put(key4, 4))print(f"Show items:", ST.show_items())key = 'g'ST.delete(key)print(f"Delete an element matched to key[{key}]", f"The items now is: {ST.show_items()}")print(f"Size: ", ST.size())key = 'f'print(f"Get value by key[{key}]:", ST.get_item(key))
结果:
Put a into key[f] None
Put b into key[g] None
Put c into key[h] None
Put d into key[e] None
Show items: {'e': 4, 'f': 1, 'g': 2, 'h': 3}
Delete an element matched to key[g] The items now is: {'e': 4, 'f': 1, 'h': 3}
Size: 3
Get value by key[f]: 1