1. 函数对象

def factorial(n):'''returns n! n的阶乘'''return 1 if n < 2 else n * factorial(n - 1)print(factorial(42))
print(factorial.__doc__)  # returns n! n的阶乘
print(type(factorial))  # <class 'function'>fact = factorial
print(fact)  # <function factorial at 0x0000021512868EA0>
print(fact(4))  # 24
print(list(map(factorial, range(11))))
# [1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880, 3628800]

2. 高阶函数

• 接受函数作为参数，如 map，sorted

fruits = ['strawberry', 'fig', 'apple', 'cherry', 'raspberry', 'banana']
print(sorted(fruits, key=len))  # 按长度排序
# ['fig', 'apple', 'cherry', 'banana', 'raspberry', 'strawberry']def reveres(word):return word[::-1]print(reveres("michael"))  # leahcim
print(sorted(fruits, key=reveres)) # 逆序字符串排序
# ['banana', 'apple', 'fig', 'raspberry', 'strawberry', 'cherry']

3. 匿名函数

• lambda

print(sorted(fruits, key=lambda w : w[::-1]))
# ['banana', 'apple', 'fig', 'raspberry', 'strawberry', 'cherry']

4. 可调用函数

• 对象是否可调用：callable()

print([callable(obj) for obj in (abs, str, 13, factorial)]) # [True, True, False, True]

• 任意对象实现可调用：实现 __call__()

import randomclass BingoCage:def __init__(self, items):self._items = list(items)random.shuffle(self._items)def pick(self):try:return self._items.pop()except IndexError:raise LookupError("pick from empty BingoCage")def __call__(self):return self.pick()arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
bc = BingoCage(arr);
print(bc._items)  # [1, 4, 3, 5, 2]
print(bc.pick())  # 2
print(bc._items)  # [1, 4, 3, 5]
print(bc())  # 5, bc 实现了 __call_() 可调用
print(bc._items)  # [1, 4, 3]
print(callable(bc))  # True

5. 定位参数、仅限关键字参数

def tag(name, *content, cls=None, **attrs):"""生成一个或多个HTML标签"""if cls is not None:attrs['class'] = clsif attrs:attr_str = ''.join(' %s="%s"' % (attr, value)for attr, valuein sorted(attrs.items()))else:attr_str = ''if content:return '\n'.join('<%s%s>%s</%s>' %(name, attr_str, c, name) for c in content)else:return '<%s%s />' % (name, attr_str)print(tag('br'))  # <br />
print(tag('p', 'hello'))  # <p>hello</p>
print(tag('p', 'hello', 'world')) 
# 第一个参数后的任意个 参数 被 *content 捕获，存入元组
# <p>hello</p>
# <p>world</p>
print(tag('p', 'hello', id=33, pid=24)) 
# 没有明确指定名称的关键字参数被 **attrs 捕获，存入字典
# <p id="33" pid="24">hello</p>
print(tag('p', 'hello', 'world', id=33, cls='sidebar', pid=24)) 
# cls 参数只能作为关键字参数
# <p class="sidebar" id="33" pid="24">hello</p>
# <p class="sidebar" id="33" pid="24">world</p>
print(tag(cont='testing', name="img"))
# <img cont="testing" />
my_tag = {'name': 'img', 'title': 'Sunset Boulevard','src': 'sunset.jpg', 'cls': 'framed'}
print(tag(**my_tag)) 
# ** 字典中所有元素作为单个参数传入，同名键绑定到对应具名参数，余下被 **attrs 捕获
# <img class="framed" src="sunset.jpg" title="Sunset Boulevard" />

def f(a, *c, b):return a, bprint(f(1, b=2))  # (1, 2)
print(f(1, 2, b=3))  # (1, 3) b= 必须写，因为前面有 * 参数# print(f(1, 2))  # f() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were givendef f1(a, b, *c):return a, bprint(f1(1, b=2))  # (1, 2)
print(f1(1, 2))  # (1, 2)
print(f1(1, 2, 3))  # (1, 2)

6. 获取参数信息

from inspect import signature
sig = signature(tag)
print(sig) # (name, *content, cls=None, **attrs)my_tag = {'name': 'img', 'title': 'Sunset Boulevard','src': 'sunset.jpg', 'cls': 'framed'}
bound_args = sig.bind(**my_tag)
print(bound_args)
# <BoundArguments (name='img', cls='framed', attrs={'title': 'Sunset Boulevard', 'src': 'sunset.jpg'})>
del my_tag['name']
bound_args = sig.bind(**my_tag)
# TypeError: missing a required argument: 'name'

7. 函数注解

• 对参数，返回值进行注释，解释器不做检查

def clip(text: str, max_len: 'int > 0' = 80) -> str:passprint(clip.__annotations__)  # 一个字典
# 注解可以是 类 或者 字符串
# {'text': <class 'str'>, 'max_len': 'int > 0', 'return': <class 'str'>}
sig = signature(clip)
print(sig)  # (text: str, max_len: 'int > 0' = 80) -> str
print(sig.return_annotation)  # <class 'str'>
for param in sig.parameters.values():print(param.name, " ", param.annotation, " ", param.default)
# text   <class 'str'>   <class 'inspect._empty'>
# max_len   int > 0   80

8. 支持函数式编程的包

• operator

from functools import reducedef fact(n):return reduce(lambda a, b: a * b, range(1, n + 1))print(fact(5))from operator import muldef fact1(n):return reduce(mul, range(1, n + 1))print(fact1(5))

metro_data = [('Tokyo', 'JP', 36.933, (35.689722, 139.691667)),('Delhi NCR', 'IN', 21.935, (28.613889, 77.208889)),('Mexico City', 'MX', 20.142, (19.433333, -99.133333)),('New York-Newark', 'US', 20.104, (40.808611, -74.020386)),('Sao Paulo', 'BR', 19.649, (-23.547778, -46.635833)),
]
from operator import itemgetter
import operator
for city in sorted(metro_data, key=itemgetter(1)):print(city)  # 按照 索引 1 排序cc_name = itemgetter(1, 0)
for city in metro_data:print(cc_name(city))
# ('JP', 'Tokyo')
# ('IN', 'Delhi NCR')
# ('MX', 'Mexico City')
# ('US', 'New York-Newark')
# ('BR', 'Sao Paulo')print([name for name in dir(operator) if not name.startswith('_')])
# ['abs', 'add', 'and_', 'attrgetter', 'concat', 'contains', 'countOf',
# 'delitem', 'eq', 'floordiv', 'ge', 'getitem', 'gt', 'iadd', 'iand',
# 'iconcat', 'ifloordiv', 'ilshift', 'imatmul', 'imod', 'imul', 'index',
# 'indexOf', 'inv', 'invert', 'ior', 'ipow', 'irshift', 'is_', 'is_not',
# 'isub', 'itemgetter', 'itruediv', 'ixor', 'le', 'length_hint', 'lshift',
# 'lt', 'matmul', 'methodcaller', 'mod', 'mul', 'ne', 'neg', 'not_', 'or_',
# 'pos', 'pow', 'rshift', 'setitem', 'sub', 'truediv', 'truth', 'xor']

from operator import methodcallers = 'the time has come'
upcase = methodcaller('upper') # 调用指定的方法 'upper'
print(upcase(s))  # THE TIME HAS COME
connect = methodcaller('replace', ' ', '-')
print(connect(s)) # the-time-has-come

from operator import mul
from functools import partialtriple = partial(mul, 3)
print(triple(7))  # 21
print(list(map(triple, range(1, 10))))
# [3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27]