现在,我们来编写自己第一个字符设备驱动 —— 点亮LED。(不完善,后面再完善)
硬件平台:Exynos4412(FS4412)
编写驱动分下面几步:
a -- 查看原理图、数据手册,了解设备的操作方法;
b -- 在内核中找到相近的驱动程序,以它为模板进行开发,有时候需要从零开始;
c -- 实现驱动程序的初始化:比如向内核注册这个驱动程序,这样应用程序传入文件名,内核才能找到相应的驱动程序;
d -- 设计所要实现的操作,比如 open、close、read、write 等函数;
e -- 实现中断服务(中断不是每个设备驱动所必须的);
f -- 编译该驱动程序到内核中,或者用 insmod 命令加载;
g-- 测试驱动程序;
下面是一个点亮LED 的驱动:
第一步,当然是查看手册,查看原理图,找到相应寄存器;
查看手册,四个LED 所用寄存器为:
led2
GPX2CON 0x11000c40
GPX2DAT 0x11000c44
led3
GPX1CON 0x11000c20
GPX1DAT 0x11000c24
led4 3-4 3-5
GPF3CON 0x114001e0
GPF3DAT 0x114001e4
这里要注意:arm体系架构是io内存,必须要映射 ioremap( ); 其作用是物理内存向虚拟内存的映射。 用到 writel readl这两个函数,详细解释会在后面不上,先看一下简单用法:
以LED2为例,下面是地址映射及读写:
- int *pgpx2con ;
- int *pgpx2dat;
- pgpx2con = ioremap( GPX2CON, 4);
- pgpx2dat = ioremap(GPX2DAT,4);
- readl(pgpx2con);
- writel(0x01, pgpx2dat );
下面是驱动程序,后面会更完善
- #include <linux/module.h>
- #include <linux/fs.h>
- #include <linux/cdev.h>
- #include <linux/device.h>
- #include <asm/io.h>
- #include <asm/uaccess.h>
- static int major = 250;
- static int minor=0;
- static dev_t devno;
- static struct class *cls;
- static struct device *test_device;
- #define GPX2CON 0x11000c40
- #define GPX2DAT 0x11000c44
- #define GPX1CON 0x11000c20
- #define GPX1DAT 0x11000c24
- #define GPF3CON 0x114001e0
- #define GPF3DAT 0x114001e4
- static int *pgpx2con ;
- static int *pgpx2dat;
- static int *pgpx1con ;
- static int *pgpx1dat;
- static int *pgpf3con ;
- static int *pgpf3dat;
- void fs4412_led_off(int num);
- void fs4412_led_on(int num)
- {
- switch(num)
- {
- case 1:
- writel(readl(pgpx2dat) |(0x1<<7), pgpx2dat);
- break;
- case 2:
- writel(readl(pgpx1dat) |(0x1<<0), pgpx1dat);
- break;
- case 3:
- writel(readl(pgpf3dat) |(0x1<<4), pgpf3dat);
- break;
- case 4:
- writel(readl(pgpf3dat) |(0x1<<5), pgpf3dat);
- break;
- default:
- fs4412_led_off(1);
- fs4412_led_off(2);
- fs4412_led_off(3);
- fs4412_led_off(4);
- break;
- }
- }
- void fs4412_led_off(int num)
- {
- switch(num)
- {
- case 1:
- writel(readl(pgpx2dat) &(~(0x1<<7)), pgpx2dat);
- break;
- case 2:
- writel(readl(pgpx1dat)&(~(0x1<<0)), pgpx1dat);
- break;
- case 3:
- writel(readl(pgpf3dat) &(~(0x1<<4)), pgpf3dat);
- break;
- case 4:
- writel(readl(pgpf3dat) &(~(0x1<<5)), pgpf3dat);
- break;
- }
- }
- static int led_open (struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
- {//open
- fs4412_led_off(1);
- fs4412_led_off(2);
- fs4412_led_off(3);
- fs4412_led_off(4);
- return 0;
- }
- static int led_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filep)
- {//close
- fs4412_led_off(1);
- fs4412_led_off(2);
- fs4412_led_off(3);
- fs4412_led_off(4);
- return 0;
- }
- static ssize_t led_read(struct file *filep, char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *pos)
- {
- return 0;
- }
- static ssize_t led_write(struct file *filep, const char __user *buf, size_t len, loff_t *pos)
- {
- int led_num;
- if(len !=4)
- {
- return -EINVAL;
- }
- if(copy_from_user(&led_num,buf,len))
- {
- return -EFAULT;
- }
- fs4412_led_on(led_num);
- printk("led_num =%d \n",led_num);
- return 0;
- }
- static struct file_operations hello_ops=
- {
- .open = led_open,
- .release = led_release,
- .read = led_read,
- .write = led_write,
- };
- static void fs4412_led_init(void)
- {
- pgpx2con = ioremap(GPX2CON,4);
- pgpx2dat = ioremap(GPX2DAT,4);
- pgpx1con = ioremap(GPX1CON,4);
- pgpx1dat =ioremap(GPX1DAT,4);
- pgpf3con = ioremap(GPF3CON,4);
- pgpf3dat =ioremap(GPF3DAT,4);
- writel((readl(pgpx2con)& ~(0xf<<28)) |(0x1<<28),pgpx2con) ;
- writel((readl(pgpx1con)& ~(0xf<<0)) |(0x1<<0),pgpx1con) ;
- writel((readl(pgpf3con)& ~(0xff<<16)) |(0x11<<16),pgpf3con) ;
- }
- static int led_init(void)
- {
- int ret;
- devno = MKDEV(major,minor);
- ret = register_chrdev(major,"led",&hello_ops);
- cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "myclass");
- if(IS_ERR(cls))
- {
- unregister_chrdev(major,"led");
- return -EBUSY;
- }
- test_device = device_create(cls,NULL,devno,NULL,"led");//mknod /dev/hello
- if(IS_ERR(test_device))
- {
- class_destroy(cls);
- unregister_chrdev(major,"led");
- return -EBUSY;
- }
- fs4412_led_init();
- return 0;
- }
- void fs4412_led_unmap(void)
- {
- iounmap(pgpx2con);
- iounmap(pgpx2dat );
- iounmap(pgpx1con);
- iounmap(pgpx1dat );
- iounmap(pgpf3con );
- iounmap(pgpf3dat );
- }
- static void led_exit(void)
- {
- fs4412_led_unmap();
- device_destroy(cls,devno);
- class_destroy(cls);
- unregister_chrdev(major,"led");
- printk("led_exit \n");
- }
- MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
- module_init(led_init);
- module_exit(led_exit);
测试程序:
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <stdio.h>
- main()
- {
- int fd,i,lednum;
- fd = open("/dev/led",O_RDWR);
- if(fd<0)
- {
- perror("open fail \n");
- return ;
- }
- for(i=0;i<100;i++)
- {
- lednum=0;
- write(fd,&lednum,sizeof(int));
- lednum = i%4+1;
- write(fd,&lednum,sizeof(int));
- sleep(1);
- }
- close(fd);
- }
makefile:
- ifneq ($(KERNELRELEASE),)
- obj-m:=hello.o
- $(info "2nd")
- else
- #KDIR := /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build
- KDIR := /home/xiaoming/linux-3.14-fs4412
- PWD:=$(shell pwd)
- all:
- $(info "1st")
- make -C $(KDIR) M=$(PWD) modules
- arm-none-linux-gnueabi-gcc test.c
- sudo cp hello.ko a.out /rootfs/test/
- clean:
- rm -f *.ko *.o *.symvers *.mod.c *.mod.o *.order
- endif
编译结束后,将a.out 和 hello.ko 拷贝到开发板中:
# insmod hello.ko
#mknod /dev/hello c 250 0
#./a.out
会看到跑马灯效果。
后面会对该驱动完善。