这是更多新帖子中的第一篇:
去年,我以Devoxx的身份参加了演讲,但我也参加了有关休眠反模式的 Patrycja Wegrzynowicz会议。 在该演示中, Patrycja向我们展示了一种反模式,这种模式令我震惊,因为事实证明它预料到了意外情况。
我们将看到当Hibernate检测到一个肮脏的集合并应该重新创建它时所产生的效果。
让我们从将要使用的模型开始,只有两个与一对多关联相关的类:
@Entity
public class Starship {private Long id;@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.SEQUENCE) public Long getId() {return id;}public void setId(Long id) {this.id = id;}private Date launched;@Temporal(TemporalType.DATE) public Date getLaunched() {return launched;}public void setLaunched(Date launched) {this.launched = launched;}private String registry;@Column(unique=true, nullable=false) public String getRegistry() {return registry;}public void setRegistry(String registry) {this.registry = registry;}private StarshipClassEnum starshipClassEnum;@Enumerated public StarshipClassEnum getStarshipClassEnum() {return starshipClassEnum;}public void setStarshipClassEnum(StarshipClassEnum starshipClassEnum) {this.starshipClassEnum = starshipClassEnum;}private AffiliationEnum affiliationEnum;@Enumerated public AffiliationEnum getAffiliationEnum() {return affiliationEnum;}public void setAffiliationEnum(AffiliationEnum affiliationEnum) {this.affiliationEnum = affiliationEnum;}private Physics physics;@Embedded public Physics getPhysics() {return physics;}public void setPhysics(Physics physics) {this.physics = physics;}private List<Officer> officers = new ArrayList<Officer>();@OneToMany(cascade={CascadeType.ALL}) public List<Officer> getOfficers() {return Collections.unmodifiableList(officers);}protected void setOfficers(List<Officer> officers) {this.officers = officers;}public void addOfficer(Officer officer) {officer.setStarship(this);this.officers.add(officer);}public Starship() {super();}public Starship(String registry) {setRegistry(registry);}@Overridepublic int hashCode() {final int prime = 31;int result = 1;result = prime * result+ ((registry == null) ? 0 : registry.hashCode());return result;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {if (this == obj)return true;if (obj == null)return false;if (getClass() != obj.getClass())return false;Starship other = (Starship) obj;if (registry == null) {if (other.registry != null)return false;} else if (!registry.equals(other.registry))return false;return true;}
}
@Entity
public class Officer {private Long id;@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.SEQUENCE)public Long getId() {return id;}protected void setId(Long id) {this.id = id;}private String name;@Column(unique=true, nullable=false) public String getName() {return this.name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}private SpeciesEnum speciesEnum;@Enumerated public SpeciesEnum getSpeciesEnum() {return speciesEnum;}public void setSpeciesEnum(SpeciesEnum speciesEnum) {this.speciesEnum = speciesEnum;}private PlanetEnum homePlanet;@Enumerated public PlanetEnum getHomePlanet() {return homePlanet;}public void setHomePlanet(PlanetEnum homePlanet) {this.homePlanet = homePlanet;}private AffiliationEnum affiliationEnum;@Enumerated public AffiliationEnum getAffiliationEnum() {return affiliationEnum;}public void setAffiliationEnum(AffiliationEnum affiliationEnum) {this.affiliationEnum = affiliationEnum;}private RankEnum rank;@Enumerated @NotNull public RankEnum getRank() {return rank;}public void setRank(RankEnum rank) {this.rank = rank;}private Starship starship; @ManyToOne public Starship getStarship() {return starship;}protected void setStarship(Starship starship) {this.starship = starship;}public Officer() {super();}public Officer(String name, RankEnum rank) {setName(name);setRank(rank);}@Overridepublic int hashCode() {final int prime = 31;int result = 1;result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());return result;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {if (this == obj)return true;if (obj == null)return false;if (getClass() != obj.getClass())return false;Officer other = (Officer) obj;if (name == null) {if (other.name != null)return false;} else if (!name.equals(other.name))return false;return true;}}
在上一堂课中,我们应注意三个重点:
- 我们在属性级别而不是字段级别进行注释。
- @ OneToMany和@ ManyToOne使用默认选项( 级联定义除外)
- 星际飞船类的军官getter返回一个不变的列表。
为了测试模型配置,我们将创建一个测试,该测试创建并保留一个Starship和七个高级管理人员 ,并在不同的Transaction和EntityManager中找到创建的Starship 。
@ContextConfiguration
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
public class StarshipPersistenceTests {@Injectprivate EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory;@Testpublic void testSaveOrderWithItems() throws Exception {Starship starship = createData();findStarship(starship);}private Starship createData() {EntityManager entityManager = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();EntityTransaction transaction = entityManager.getTransaction();transaction.begin();Physics physics = physics().height(137.5D).length(642.5D).power("Wrap reactor").width(467.0D).build();Calendar launched = Calendar.getInstance();launched.set(2363, 9, 4);Starship starship = starship().registry("NCC-1701-D").physics(physics).launched(launched.getTime()).starshipClass(StarshipClassEnum.GALAXY).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).build();Officer jeanLucPicard = officer().name("Jean-Luc Picard").rank(RankEnum.CAPTAIN).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).homePlanet(PlanetEnum.EARTH).speciment(SpeciesEnum.HUMAN).build();starship.addOfficer(jeanLucPicard);Officer williamRiker = officer().name("William Riker").rank(RankEnum.COMMANDER).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).homePlanet(PlanetEnum.EARTH).speciment(SpeciesEnum.HUMAN).build();starship.addOfficer(williamRiker);Officer data = officer().name("Data").rank(RankEnum.LIEUTENANT_COMMANDER).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).homePlanet(PlanetEnum.OMICRON_THETA).speciment(SpeciesEnum.ANDROID).build();starship.addOfficer(data);Officer geordiLaForge = officer().name("Geordi La Forge").rank(RankEnum.LIEUTENANT).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).homePlanet(PlanetEnum.EARTH).speciment(SpeciesEnum.HUMAN).build();starship.addOfficer(geordiLaForge);Officer worf = officer().name("Worf").rank(RankEnum.LIEUTENANT).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).homePlanet(PlanetEnum.QONOS).speciment(SpeciesEnum.KLINGON).build();starship.addOfficer(worf);Officer beverlyCrusher = officer().name("Beverly Crusher").rank(RankEnum.COMMANDER).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).homePlanet(PlanetEnum.EARTH).speciment(SpeciesEnum.HUMAN).build();starship.addOfficer(beverlyCrusher);Officer deannaTroi = officer().name("Deanna Troi").rank(RankEnum.COMMANDER).affiliation(AffiliationEnum.STARFLEET).homePlanet(PlanetEnum.BETAZED).speciment(SpeciesEnum.BETAZOID).build();starship.addOfficer(deannaTroi);entityManager.persist(starship);transaction.commit();entityManager.close();return starship;}private void findStarship(Starship starship) {EntityManager entityManager = this.entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();EntityTransaction transaction = entityManager.getTransaction();transaction.begin();System.out.println("Before Find");Starship newStarship = entityManager.find(Starship.class, starship.getId());System.out.println("After Find Before Commit");transaction.commit();System.out.println("After commit");entityManager.close();}
}
现在我们已经创建了这个测试,我们可以运行它,并且我们将观察Hibernate控制台的输出。
Hibernate: insert into Starship (affiliationEnum, launched, height, length, power, width, registry, starshipClassEnum, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)Before Find Starship By IdHibernate: select starship0_.id as id1_0_, starship0_.affiliationEnum as affiliat2_1_0_, starship0_.launched as launched1_0_, starship0_.height as height1_0_, starship0_.length as length1_0_, starship0_.power as power1_0_, starship0_.width as width1_0_, starship0_.registry as registry1_0_, starship0_.starshipClassEnum as starship9_1_0_ from Starship starship0_ where starship0_.id=?After Find Starship By Id and Before CommitHibernate: select officers0_.Starship_id as Starship1_1_2_, officers0_.officers_id as officers2_2_, officer1_.id as id0_0_, officer1_.affiliationEnum as affiliat2_0_0_, officer1_.homePlanet as homePlanet0_0_, officer1_.name as name0_0_, officer1_.rank as rank0_0_, officer1_.speciesEnum as speciesE6_0_0_, officer1_.starship_id as starship7_0_0_, starship2_.id as id1_1_, starship2_.affiliationEnum as affiliat2_1_1_, starship2_.launched as launched1_1_, starship2_.height as height1_1_, starship2_.length as length1_1_, starship2_.power as power1_1_, starship2_.width as width1_1_, starship2_.registry as registry1_1_, starship2_.starshipClassEnum as starship9_1_1_ from Starship_Officer officers0_ inner join Officer officer1_ on officers0_.officers_id=officer1_.id left outer join Starship starship2_ on officer1_.starship_id=starship2_.id where officers0_.Starship_id=?
Hibernate: delete from Starship_Officer where Starship_id=?
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Starship_Officer (Starship_id, officers_id) values (?, ?)After commit
查看在第一次提交期间(持久对象)和在第二次事务提交期间(查找Starship )执行的查询数。 在忽略序列生成器的总和中,我们可以计数22个inserts ,2个selects和1个delete ,这在我们仅创建8个对象和1个通过主键查找时很不错。
此时,让我们检查为什么执行这些SQL查询:
前八个插页不可避免。 通过将数据插入数据库需要它们。
接下来的七都需要插入,因为我们已经注释getOfficers财产没有的mappedBy属性。 如果我们仔细查看Hibernate文档,它会指出“在不描述任何物理映射的情况下,将使用具有连接表的单向一对多 ”。
下一组查询甚至更陌生,第一个选择语句是通过id查找Starship,但是我们已经创建的这些数据删除和插入是什么?
在提交期间, Hibernate通过比较对象引用来验证集合属性是否脏。 当一个集合被标记为脏集合时, Hibernate需要重新创建整个集合,甚至包含相同的对象。 在本例中,当我们要招募军官时,我们要返回一个不同的收集实例,具体来说是不可修改的列表,因此Hibernate认为军官的收集是肮脏的。
由于使用了联接表,因此应重新创建Starship_Officer表,删除先前插入的元组并插入新的元组(尽管它们具有相同的值)。
让我们尝试解决此问题。 我们首先映射一个双向的一对多关联,并以多对一的一方为拥有方。
private List<Officer> officers = new ArrayList<Officer>();
@OneToMany(mappedBy="starship", cascade={CascadeType.ALL}) public List<Officer> getOfficers() {return Collections.unmodifiableList(officers);}
protected void setOfficers(List<Officer> officers) {this.officers = officers;}
public void addOfficer(Officer officer) {this.officers.add(officer);}
现在,我们再次重新运行相同的测试,并再次检查输出。
Hibernate: insert into Starship (affiliationEnum, launched, height, length, power, width, registry, starshipClassEnum, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)Before Find Starship By IdHibernate: select starship0_.id as id1_0_, starship0_.affiliationEnum as affiliat2_1_0_, starship0_.launched as launched1_0_, starship0_.height as height1_0_, starship0_.length as length1_0_, starship0_.power as power1_0_, starship0_.width as width1_0_, starship0_.registry as registry1_0_, starship0_.starshipClassEnum as starship9_1_0_ from Starship starship0_ where starship0_.id=?After Find Starship By Id and Before CommitHibernate: select officers0_.starship_id as starship7_1_1_, officers0_.id as id1_, officers0_.id as id0_0_, officers0_.affiliationEnum as affiliat2_0_0_, officers0_.homePlanet as homePlanet0_0_, officers0_.name as name0_0_, officers0_.rank as rank0_0_, officers0_.speciesEnum as speciesE6_0_0_, officers0_.starship_id as starship7_0_0_ from Officer officers0_ where officers0_.starship_id=?After commit
尽管我们已将SQL语句的数量从25个减少到10个,但仍然有一个不必要的查询,即第二个事务的commit部分中的查询。 为什么如果默认情况下军官是懒惰的( JPA规范),而我们又没有让军官进行交易,那么Hibernate会在“军官”表上执行选择吗? 由于与先前配置相同的原因,返回的集合具有不同的Java标识符,因此Hibernate将其标记为新实例化的集合,但是现在显然不再需要连接表操作。 我们减少了查询数量,但是仍然存在性能问题。 可能我们需要其他解决方案,而该解决方案不是最明显的解决方案,我们不会返回Hibernate返回的集合对象,我们稍后可能会对此进行扩展,但是我们将更改批注的位置。
我们要做的是将映射位置从属性方法更改为使用字段映射。 简单来说,我们将所有注释移至类属性,而不是getter上 。
@Entity
public class Starship {@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.SEQUENCE) private Long id;public Long getId() {return id;}protected void setId(Long id) {this.id = id;}@Temporal(TemporalType.DATE) private Date launched;public Date getLaunched() {return launched;}public void setLaunched(Date launched) {this.launched = launched;}...@OneToMany(mappedBy="starship", cascade={CascadeType.ALL}) private List<Officer> officers = new ArrayList<Officer>();public List<Officer> getOfficers() {return Collections.unmodifiableList(officers);}protected void setOfficers(List<Officer> officers) {this.officers = officers;}public void addOfficer(Officer officer) {officer.setStarship(this);this.officers.add(officer);}public Starship() {super();}public Starship(String registry) {setRegistry(registry);}@Overridepublic int hashCode() {final int prime = 31;int result = 1;result = prime * result+ ((registry == null) ? 0 : registry.hashCode());return result;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {if (this == obj)return true;if (obj == null)return false;if (getClass() != obj.getClass())return false;Starship other = (Starship) obj;if (registry == null) {if (other.registry != null)return false;} else if (!registry.equals(other.registry))return false;return true;}
}
@Entity
public class Officer {@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.SEQUENCE) private Long id;public Long getId() {return id;}protected void setId(Long id) {this.id = id;}@Column(unique=true, nullable=false) private String name;public String getName() {return this.name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}@Enumerated private SpeciesEnum speciesEnum;public SpeciesEnum getSpeciesEnum() {return speciesEnum;}public void setSpeciesEnum(SpeciesEnum speciesEnum) {this.speciesEnum = speciesEnum;}...@ManyToOne private Starship starship; public Starship getStarship() {return starship;}protected void setStarship(Starship starship) {this.starship = starship;}public Officer() {super();}public Officer(String name, RankEnum rank) {setName(name);setRank(rank);}@Overridepublic int hashCode() {final int prime = 31;int result = 1;result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());return result;}@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {if (this == obj)return true;if (obj == null)return false;if (getClass() != obj.getClass())return false;Officer other = (Officer) obj;if (name == null) {if (other.name != null)return false;} else if (!name.equals(other.name))return false;return true;}
}
最后,我们将再次运行测试,看看会发生什么:
Hibernate: insert into Starship (affiliationEnum, launched, height, length, power, width, registry, starshipClassEnum, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into Officer (affiliationEnum, homePlanet, name, rank, speciesEnum, starship_id, id) values (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)Before Find
Hibernate: select starship0_.id as id1_0_, starship0_.affiliationEnum as affiliat2_1_0_, starship0_.launched as launched1_0_, starship0_.height as height1_0_, starship0_.length as length1_0_, starship0_.power as power1_0_, starship0_.width as width1_0_, starship0_.registry as registry1_0_, starship0_.starshipClassEnum as starship9_1_0_ from Starship starship0_ where starship0_.id=?After Find Before Commit
After commit
为什么使用属性映射Hibernate在提交期间运行查询并且不执行使用字段映射? 提交事务后,Hibernate执行刷新以使基础持久性存储与内存中保持的可持久状态同步。 当使用属性映射时,Hibernate调用getter / setter方法来同步数据,对于getOfficers方法,它将返回一个脏集合(由于进行了unmodifiableList调用)。 另一方面,当我们使用字段映射时, Hibernate直接获取字段,因此收集不被认为是肮脏的,并且不需要重新创建。
但是我们还没有完成,我想您想知道为什么我们还没有从getter中删除Collections.unmodifiableList,而是返回Hibernate集合? 是的,我同意您的意见,我们很快完成了工作,更改看起来像@ OneToMany(cascade = {CascadeType.ALL} )public List <Officer> getOfficers(){ 但是返回原始集合最终会导致封装问题,实际上我们的封装已损坏! 我们可以将任何所需的内容添加到可变列表中; 我们可以将不受控制的更改应用于对象的内部状态。
使用unmodifiableList是避免破坏封装的一种方法,但是我们当然可以对公共访问和休眠访问使用不同的访问器,而不用调用Collections.unmodifiableList方法。
考虑到我们今天所看到的,我建议您使用始终字段注释而不是属性映射,我们将避免很多意外。
希望您发现这篇文章有用。
此示例的屏幕截图:
下载代码
参考: Hibernate性能提示: JCG合作伙伴的 脏回收效应 在一个罐子统治他们所有博客的亚历克斯·索托。
翻译自: https://www.javacodegeeks.com/2012/03/hibernate-performance-tips-dirty.html