1、单表索引优化
单表索引优化分析
创建表
建表 SQL
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS article(
id INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
author_id INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
category_id INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
views INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
comments INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
content TEXT NOT NULL
);
INSERT INTO article(author_id,category_id,views,comments,title,content)
VALUES
(1,1,1,1,'1','1'),
(2,2,2,2,'2','2'),
(1,1,3,3,'3','3');
表中的测试数据
mysql> SELECT * FROM article;
+----+-----------+-------------+-------+----------+-------+---------+
| id | author_id | category_id | views | comments | title | content |
+----+-----------+-------------+-------+----------+-------+---------+
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
+----+-----------+-------------+-------+----------+-------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询案例
查询category_id为1且comments 大于1的情况下，views最多的article_id。
mysql> SELECT id, author_id FROM article WHERE category_id = 1 AND comments > 1 ORDER BY views DESC LIMIT 1;
+----+-----------+
| id | author_id |
+----+-----------+
| 3 | 1 |
+----+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
此时 article 表中只有一个主键索引
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM article;
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| article | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
使用 explain 分析 SQL 语句的执行效率：EXPLAIN SELECT id, author_id FROM article WHERE category_id = 1 AND comments > 1 ORDER BY views DESC LIMIT 1;
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT id, author_id FROM article WHERE category_id = 1 AND comments > 1 ORDER BY views DESC LIMIT 1;
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | article | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-----------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
结论：
很显然，type是ALL，即最坏的情况。
Extra 里还出现了Using filesort，也是最坏的情况。
优化是必须的。
开始优化：新建索引
创建索引的 SQL 命令
# ALTER TABLE article ADD INDEX idx_article_ccv('category_id', 'comments', 'views');
create index idx_article_ccv on article(category_id, comments, views);
在 category_id 列、comments 列和 views 列上建立联合索引
mysql> create index idx_article_ccv on article(category_id, comments, views);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM article;
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| article | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| article | 1 | idx_article_ccv | 1 | category_id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| article | 1 | idx_article_ccv | 2 | comments | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| article | 1 | idx_article_ccv | 3 | views | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
再次执行查询：type变成了range，这是可以忍受的。但是extra里使用Using filesort仍是无法接受的。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT id, author_id FROM article WHERE category_id = 1 AND comments > 1 ORDER BY views DESC LIMIT 1;
+----+-------------+---------+-------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | article | range | idx_article_ccv | idx_article_ccv | 8 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+---------+-------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
分析
但是我们已经建立了索引，为啥没用呢？
这是因为按照B+Tree索引的工作原理，先排序 category_id，如果遇到相同的 category_id 则再排序comments，如果遇到相同的 comments 则再排序 views。
当comments字段在联合索引里处于中间位置时，因为comments>1条件是一个范围值(所谓 range)，MySQL 无法利用索引再对后面的views部分进行检索，即 range 类型查询字段后面的索引无效。
将查询条件中的 comments > 1 改为 comments = 1 ，发现 Use filesort 神奇地消失了，从这点可以验证：范围后的索引会导致索引失效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT id, author_id FROM article WHERE category_id = 1 AND comments = 1 ORDER BY views DESC LIMIT 1;
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | article | ref | idx_article_ccv | idx_article_ccv | 8 | const,const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
删除索引
删除索引的 SQL 指令
DROP INDEX idx_article_ccv ON article;
删除刚才创建的 idx_article_ccv 索引
mysql> DROP INDEX idx_article_ccv ON article;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM article;
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| article | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
再次创建索引
创建索引的 SQL 指令
# ALTER TABLE article ADD INDEX idx_article_ccv('category_id', 'views');
create index idx_article_ccv on article(category_id, views);
由于 range 后(comments > 1)的索引会失效，这次我们建立索引时，直接抛弃 comments 列，先利用 category_id 和 views 的联合索引查询所需要的数据，再从其中取出 comments > 1 的数据(我觉着应该是这样的)
mysql> create index idx_article_ccv on article(category_id, views);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM article;
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| article | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| article | 1 | idx_article_ccv | 1 | category_id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| article | 1 | idx_article_ccv | 2 | views | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+---------+------------+-----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
再次执行查询：可以看到，type变为了ref，Extra中的Using filesort也消失了，结果非常理想
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT id, author_id FROM article WHERE category_id = 1 AND comments > 1 ORDER BY views DESC LIMIT 1;
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | article | ref | idx_article_ccv | idx_article_ccv | 4 | const | 2 | Using where |
+----+-------------+---------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
为了不影响之后的测试，删除该表的 idx_article_ccv 索引
mysql> DROP INDEX idx_article_ccv ON article;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM article;
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| article | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+---------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
2、两表索引优化
两表索引优化分析：主外键
创建表
建表 SQL
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS class(
id INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
card INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS book(
bookid INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
card INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(bookid)
);
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO class(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO book(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
class 表中的测试数据
mysql> select * from class;
+----+------+
| id | card |
+----+------+
| 1 | 12 |
| 2 | 13 |
| 3 | 12 |
| 4 | 17 |
| 5 | 11 |
| 6 | 3 |
| 7 | 1 |
| 8 | 16 |
| 9 | 17 |
| 10 | 16 |
| 11 | 9 |
| 12 | 17 |
| 13 | 18 |
| 14 | 16 |
| 15 | 7 |
| 16 | 8 |
| 17 | 19 |
| 18 | 9 |
| 19 | 6 |
| 20 | 5 |
| 21 | 6 |
+----+------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)
book 表中的测试数据
mysql> select * from book;
+--------+------+
| bookid | card |
+--------+------+
| 1 | 16 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 17 |
| 4 | 3 |
| 5 | 20 |
| 6 | 12 |
| 7 | 18 |
| 8 | 13 |
| 9 | 13 |
| 10 | 4 |
| 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 13 |
| 13 | 20 |
| 14 | 20 |
| 15 | 1 |
| 16 | 2 |
| 17 | 9 |
| 18 | 16 |
| 19 | 14 |
| 20 | 2 |
+--------+------+
20 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询案例
实现两表的连接，连接条件是 class.card = book.card
mysql> SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card;
+----+------+--------+------+
| id | card | bookid | card |
+----+------+--------+------+
| 1 | 12 | 6 | 12 |
| 2 | 13 | 8 | 13 |
| 2 | 13 | 9 | 13 |
| 2 | 13 | 12 | 13 |
| 3 | 12 | 6 | 12 |
| 4 | 17 | 3 | 17 |
| 5 | 11 | NULL | NULL |
| 6 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| 7 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 | 11 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 | 15 | 1 |
| 8 | 16 | 1 | 16 |
| 8 | 16 | 18 | 16 |
| 9 | 17 | 3 | 17 |
| 10 | 16 | 1 | 16 |
| 10 | 16 | 18 | 16 |
| 11 | 9 | 17 | 9 |
| 12 | 17 | 3 | 17 |
| 13 | 18 | 7 | 18 |
| 14 | 16 | 1 | 16 |
| 14 | 16 | 18 | 16 |
| 15 | 7 | NULL | NULL |
| 16 | 8 | NULL | NULL |
| 17 | 19 | NULL | NULL |
| 18 | 9 | 17 | 9 |
| 19 | 6 | NULL | NULL |
| 20 | 5 | NULL | NULL |
| 21 | 6 | NULL | NULL |
+----+------+--------+------+
28 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用 explain 分析 SQL 语句的性能，可以看到：驱动表是左表 class 表
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | class | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 21 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | book | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 20 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
结论：
type 有 All ，rows 为表中数据总行数，说明 class 和 book 进行了全表检索
即每次 class 表对 book 表进行左外连接时，都需要在 book 表中进行一次全表检索
添加索引：在右表添加索引
添加索引的 SQL 指令
ALTER TABLE 'book' ADD INDEX Y ('card');
在 book 的 card 字段上添加索引
mysql> ALTER TABLE book ADD INDEX Y (card);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM book;
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| book | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | bookid | A | 20 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| book | 1 | Y | 1 | card | A | 20 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
测试结果：可以看到第二行的type变为了ref，rows也变成了优化比较明显。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | class | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 21 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | book | ref | Y | Y | 4 | db01.class.card | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
分析：
这是由左连接特性决定的。LEFT JOIN条件用于确定如何从右表搜索行，左边一定都有，所以右边是我们的关键点，一定需要建立索引。
左表连接右表，则需要拿着左表的数据去右表里面查，索引需要在右表中建立索引
将左连接修改为右连接
删除之前 book 表中的索引
DROP INDEX Y ON book;
在 class 表的 card 字段上建立索引
ALTER TABLE class ADD INDEX X(card);
再次执行左连接，凉凉~~~
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card;
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | class | index | NULL | X | 4 | NULL | 21 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | book | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 20 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
别怕，我们来执行右连接：可以看到第二行的type变为了ref，rows也变成了优化比较明显。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM class RIGHT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+----------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+----------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | book | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 20 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | class | ref | X | X | 4 | db01.book.card | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+----------------+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
分析：
这是因为RIGHT JOIN条件用于确定如何从左表搜索行，右边一定都有，所以左边是我们的关键点，一定需要建立索引。
class RIGHT JOIN book ：book 里面的数据一定存在于结果集中，我们需要拿着book 表中的数据，去 class 表中搜索，所以索引需要建立在 class 表中
3、三表索引优化
三表索引优化分析
创建表
建表 SQL
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS phone(
phoneid INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
card INT(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(phoneid)
)ENGINE=INNODB;
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
INSERT INTO phone(card) VALUES(FLOOR(1+(RAND()*20)));
phone 表中的测试数据
mysql> select * from phone;
+---------+------+
| phoneid | card |
+---------+------+
| 1 | 7 |
| 2 | 7 |
| 3 | 13 |
| 4 | 6 |
| 5 | 8 |
| 6 | 4 |
| 7 | 16 |
| 8 | 4 |
| 9 | 15 |
| 10 | 1 |
| 11 | 20 |
| 12 | 18 |
| 13 | 9 |
| 14 | 9 |
| 15 | 20 |
| 16 | 11 |
| 17 | 15 |
| 18 | 3 |
| 19 | 8 |
| 20 | 10 |
+---------+------+
20 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询案例
实现三表的连接查询：
mysql> SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card LEFT JOIN phone ON book.card = phone.card;
+----+------+--------+------+---------+------+
| id | card | bookid | card | phoneid | card |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+------+
| 2 | 13 | 8 | 13 | 3 | 13 |
| 2 | 13 | 9 | 13 | 3 | 13 |
| 2 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 3 | 13 |
| 8 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 7 | 16 |
| 10 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 7 | 16 |
| 14 | 16 | 1 | 16 | 7 | 16 |
| 8 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 7 | 16 |
| 10 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 7 | 16 |
| 14 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 7 | 16 |
| 7 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 10 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 | 15 | 1 | 10 | 1 |
| 13 | 18 | 7 | 18 | 12 | 18 |
| 11 | 9 | 17 | 9 | 13 | 9 |
| 18 | 9 | 17 | 9 | 13 | 9 |
| 11 | 9 | 17 | 9 | 14 | 9 |
| 18 | 9 | 17 | 9 | 14 | 9 |
| 6 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 18 | 3 |
| 4 | 17 | 3 | 17 | NULL | NULL |
| 9 | 17 | 3 | 17 | NULL | NULL |
| 12 | 17 | 3 | 17 | NULL | NULL |
| 1 | 12 | 6 | 12 | NULL | NULL |
| 3 | 12 | 6 | 12 | NULL | NULL |
| 5 | 11 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 15 | 7 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 16 | 8 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 17 | 19 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 19 | 6 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 20 | 5 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
| 21 | 6 | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+----+------+--------+------+---------+------+
30 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用 explain 分析 SQL 指令：
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card = book.card LEFT JOIN phone ON book.card = phone.card;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | class | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 21 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | book | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 20 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
| 1 | SIMPLE | phone | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 20 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
结论：
type 有All ，rows 为表数据总行数，说明 class、 book 和 phone 表都进行了全表检索
Extra 中 Using join buffer ，表明连接过程中使用了 join 缓冲区
创建索引
创建索引的 SQL 语句
ALTER TABLE book ADD INDEX Y (card);
ALTER TABLE phone ADD INDEX Z (card);
进行 LEFT JOIN ，永远都在右表的字段上建立索引
mysql> ALTER TABLE book ADD INDEX Y (card);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM book;
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| book | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | bookid | A | 20 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| book | 1 | Y | 1 | card | A | 20 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE phone ADD INDEX Z (card);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM phone;
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| phone | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | phoneid | A | 20 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| phone | 1 | Z | 1 | card | A | 20 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
执行查询：后2行的type都是ref，且总rows优化很好，效果不错。因此索引最好设置在需要经常查询的字段中。
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM class LEFT JOIN book ON class.card=book.card LEFT JOIN phone ON book.card = phone.card;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | class | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 21 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | book | ref | Y | Y | 4 | db01.class.card | 1 | Using index |
| 1 | SIMPLE | phone | ref | Z | Z | 4 | db01.book.card | 1 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
JOIN 语句优化的结论
将 left join 看作是两层嵌套 for 循环
1、尽可能减少Join语句中的NestedLoop的循环总次数；
2、永远用小结果集驱动大的结果集(在大结果集中建立索引，在小结果集中遍历全表)；
3、优先优化NestedLoop的内层循环；
4、保证Join语句中被驱动表上Join条件字段已经被索引；
5、当无法保证被驱动表的Join条件字段被索引且内存资源充足的前提下，不要太吝惜JoinBuffer的设置；
我的理解
1、使用小表驱动大表，这就相当于外层 for 循环的次数少，内层 for 循环的次数多
2、然后我们在大表中建立了索引，这样内层 for 循环的效率明显提高
3、综上，使用小表驱动大表，在大表中建立了索引
索引失效
索引失效(应该避免)
创建表
建表 SQL
CREATE TABLE staffs(
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` VARCHAR(24)NOT NULL DEFAULT'' COMMENT'姓名',
`age` INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0 COMMENT'年龄',
`pos` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT'' COMMENT'职位',
`add_time` TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT'入职时间'
)CHARSET utf8 COMMENT'员工记录表';
INSERT INTO staffs(`name`,`age`,`pos`,`add_time`) VALUES('z3',22,'manager',NOW());
INSERT INTO staffs(`name`,`age`,`pos`,`add_time`) VALUES('July',23,'dev',NOW());
INSERT INTO staffs(`name`,`age`,`pos`,`add_time`) VALUES('2000',23,'dev',NOW());
ALTER TABLE staffs ADD INDEX index_staffs_nameAgePos(`name`,`age`,`pos`);
staffs 表中的测试数据
mysql> select * from staffs;
+----+------+-----+---------+---------------------+
| id | name | age | pos | add_time |
+----+------+-----+---------+---------------------+
| 1 | z3 | 22 | manager | 2020-08-04 14:42:33 |
| 2 | July | 23 | dev | 2020-08-04 14:42:33 |
| 3 | 2000 | 23 | dev | 2020-08-04 14:42:33 |
+----+------+-----+---------+---------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
staffs 表中的复合索引：name、age、pos
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM staffs;
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| staffs | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 1 | name | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 2 | age | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 3 | pos | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1、索引失效准则
1、全值匹配我最爱
2、最佳左前缀法则：如果索引了多例，要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。
3、不在索引列上做任何操作(计算、函数、(自动or手动)类型转换)，会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描
4、存储引擎不能使用索引中范围条件右边的列
5、尽量使用覆盖索引(只访问索引的查询(索引列和查询列一致))，减少select *
6、mysql在使用不等于(!=或者<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描
7、is null，is not null 也无法使用索引(早期版本不能走索引，后续版本应该优化过，可以走索引)
8、like以通配符开头(’%abc…’)mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描操作
9、字符串不加单引号索引失效
10、少用or，用它连接时会索引失效
最佳左匹配法则：带头大哥不能死，中间兄弟不能断
只有带头大哥 name 时
key = index_staffs_nameAgePos 表明索引生效
ref = const ：这个常量就是查询时的 ‘July’ 字符串常量
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 74 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
带头大哥 name 带上小弟 age
key = index_staffs_nameAgePos 表明索引生效
ref = const,const：两个常量分别为 ‘July’ 和 23
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND age = 23;
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 78 | const,const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
带头大哥 name 带上小弟 age ，小弟 age 带上小小弟 pos
key = index_staffs_nameAgePos 表明索引生效
ref = const,const,const ：三个常量分别为 ‘July’、23 和 ‘dev’
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND age = 23 AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 140 | const,const,const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
带头大哥 name 挂了
key = NULL 说明索引失效
ref = null 表示 ref 也失效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE age = 23 AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
带头大哥 name 没挂，小弟 age 跑了
key = index_staffs_nameAgePos 说明索引没有失效
ref = const 表明只使用了一个常量，即第二个常量(pos = ‘dev’)没有生效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 74 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在索引列上进行计算，会导致索引失效，进而转向全表扫描
不对带头大哥 name 进行任何操作：key = index_staffs_nameAgePos 表明索引生效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 74 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
对带头大哥 name 进行操作：使用 LEFT 函数截取子串
key = NULL 表明索引生效
type = ALL 表明进行了全表扫描
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE LEFT(name,4) = 'July';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
范围之后全失效
精确匹配
type = ref 表示非唯一索引扫描，SQL 语句将返回匹配某个单独值的所有行。
key_len = 140 表明表示索引中使用的字节数
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND age = 23 AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 140 | const,const,const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
将 age 改为范围匹配
type = range 表示范围扫描
key = index_staffs_nameAgePos 表示索引并没有失效
key_len = 78 ，ref = NULL 均表明范围搜索使其后面的索引均失效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND age > 23 AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | range | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 78 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
尽量使用覆盖索引(只访问索引的查询(索引列和查询列一致))，减少 select *
SELECT * 的写法
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND age > 23 AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | range | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 78 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
覆盖索引的写法：Extra = Using where; Using index ，Using index 表示使用索引列进行查询，将大大提高查询的效率
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT name, age, pos FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND age = 23 AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 140 | const,const,const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------------------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
覆盖索引中包含 range 条件：type = ref 并且 Extra = Using where; Using index ，虽然在查询条件中使用了 范围搜索，但是由于我们只需要查找索引列，所以无需进行全表扫描
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT name, age, pos FROM staffs WHERE name = 'July'AND age > 23 AND pos = 'dev';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 74 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql在使用不等于(!=或者<>)的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描
在使用 != 会 <> 时会导致索引失效：
key = null 表示索引失效
rows = 3 表示进行了全表扫描
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name != 'July';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | index_staffs_nameAgePos | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name <> 'July';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | index_staffs_nameAgePos | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
is null，is not null 也无法使用索引
is null，is not null 会导致索引失效：key = null 表示索引失效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name is null;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Impossible WHERE |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name is not null;
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | index_staffs_nameAgePos | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
like % 写应该最右边，在左边容易导致索引失效
staffs 表的索引关系
mysql> SHOW INDEX from staffs;
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| staffs | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 1 | name | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 2 | age | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 3 | pos | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
like % 写在左边的情况
type = All ，rows = 3 表示进行了全表扫描
key = null 表示索引失效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name like '%July';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name like '%July%';
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
like % 写在右边的情况：key = index_staffs_nameAgePos 表示索引未失效
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM staffs WHERE name like 'July%';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | range | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 74 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
解决【like ‘%str%’ 】索引失效的问题：使用覆盖索引
创建表
建表 SQL
CREATE TABLE `tbl_user`(
`id` INT(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`age`INT(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`email` VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(`id`)
)ENGINE=INNODB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
INSERT INTO tbl_user(`name`,`age`,`email`)VALUES('1aa1',21,'a@163.com');
INSERT INTO tbl_user(`name`,`age`,`email`)VALUES('2bb2',23,'b@163.com');
INSERT INTO tbl_user(`name`,`age`,`email`)VALUES('3cc3',24,'c@163.com');
INSERT INTO tbl_user(`name`,`age`,`email`)VALUES('4dd4',26,'d@163.com');
tbl_user 表中的测试数据
mysql> select * from tbl_user;
+----+------+------+-----------+
| id | name | age | email |
+----+------+------+-----------+
| 1 | 1aa1 | 21 | a@163.com |
| 2 | 2bb2 | 23 | b@163.com |
| 3 | 3cc3 | 24 | c@163.com |
| 4 | 4dd4 | 26 | d@163.com |
+----+------+------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
创建索引
创建索引的 SQL 指令
CREATE INDEX idx_user_nameAge ON tbl_user(name, age);
在 tbl_user 表的 name 字段和 age 字段创建联合索引
mysql> CREATE INDEX idx_user_nameAge ON tbl_user(name, age);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM tbl_user;
+----------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+----------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| tbl_user | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 4 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| tbl_user | 1 | idx_user_nameAge | 1 | name | A | 4 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
| tbl_user | 1 | idx_user_nameAge | 2 | age | A | 4 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
+----------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
测试覆盖索引
如下 SQL 的索引均不会失效：
只要查询的字段能和覆盖索引扯得上关系，并且没有多余字段，覆盖索引就不会失效
但我就想不通了，id 扯得上啥关系。。。
EXPLAIN SELECT name, age FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
EXPLAIN SELECT name FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
EXPLAIN SELECT age FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
EXPLAIN SELECT id FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
EXPLAIN SELECT id, name FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
EXPLAIN SELECT id, age FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
EXPLAIN SELECT id, name, age FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT id FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
+----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+------------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+------------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_user | index | NULL | idx_user_nameAge | 68 | NULL | 4 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+------------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT name, age FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
+----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+------------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+------------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_user | index | NULL | idx_user_nameAge | 68 | NULL | 4 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+----------+-------+---------------+------------------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如下 SQL 的索引均会失效：但凡有多余字段，覆盖索引就会失效
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
EXPLAIN SELECT id, name, age, email FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_user | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT id, name, age, email FROM tbl_user WHERE NAME LIKE '%aa%';
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | tbl_user | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 4 | Using where |
+----+-------------+----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
字符串不加单引号索引失效
正常操作，索引没有失效
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM staffs;
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| staffs | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 1 | name | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 2 | age | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 3 | pos | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from staffs where name='2000';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ref | index_staffs_nameAgePos | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 74 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+-------------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如果字符串忘记写 ' ' ，那么 mysql 会为我们进行隐式的类型转换，但凡进行了类型转换，索引都会失效
mysql> explain select * from staffs where name=2000;
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | index_staffs_nameAgePos | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
少用or，用它连接时会索引失效
使用 or 连接，会导致索引失效
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM staffs;
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| staffs | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 1 | name | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 2 | age | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| staffs | 1 | index_staffs_nameAgePos | 3 | pos | A | 3 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
+--------+------------+-------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain select * from staffs where name='z3' or name = 'July';
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | staffs | ALL | index_staffs_nameAgePos | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+-------------------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2、索引优化面试题
索引优化面试题
建表 SQL
create table test03(
id int primary key not null auto_increment,
c1 char(10),
c2 char(10),
c3 char(10),
c4 char(10),
c5 char(10)
);
insert into test03(c1,c2,c3,c4,c5) values ('a1','a2','a3','a4','a5');
insert into test03(c1,c2,c3,c4,c5) values ('b1','b2','b3','b4','b5');
insert into test03(c1,c2,c3,c4,c5) values ('c1','c2','c3','c4','c5');
insert into test03(c1,c2,c3,c4,c5) values ('d1','d2','d3','d4','d5');
insert into test03(c1,c2,c3,c4,c5) values ('e1','e2','e3','e4','e5');
create index idx_test03_c1234 on test03(c1,c2,c3,c4);
test03 表中的测试数据
mysql> select * from test03;
+----+------+------+------+------+------+
| id | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 |
+----+------+------+------+------+------+
| 1 | a1 | a2 | a3 | a4 | a5 |
| 2 | b1 | b2 | b3 | b4 | b5 |
| 3 | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | c5 |
| 4 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 |
| 5 | e1 | e2 | e3 | e4 | e5 |
+----+------+------+------+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
test03 表中的索引
mysql> SHOW INDEX FROM test03;
+--------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+--------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| test03 | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 5 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| test03 | 1 | idx_test03_c1234 | 1 | c1 | A | 5 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
| test03 | 1 | idx_test03_c1234 | 2 | c2 | A | 5 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
| test03 | 1 | idx_test03_c1234 | 3 | c3 | A | 5 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
| test03 | 1 | idx_test03_c1234 | 4 | c4 | A | 5 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |
+--------+------------+------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
问题：我们创建了复合索引idx_test03_c1234，根据以下SQL分析下索引使用情况？
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c3='a3' AND c4='a4';
即全值匹配
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c3='a3' AND c4='a4';
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 124 | const,const,const,const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c4='a4' AND c3='a3' AND c2='a2' AND c1='a1';
mysql 优化器进行了优化，所以我们的索引都生效了
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c4='a4' AND c3='a3' AND c2='a2' AND c1='a1';
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 124 | const,const,const,const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c3>'a3' AND c4='a4';
c3 列使用了索引进行排序，并没有进行查找，导致 c4 无法用索引进行查找
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c3>'a3' AND c4='a4';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | range | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 93 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c4>'a4' AND c3='a3';
mysql 优化器进行了优化，所以我们的索引都生效了，在 c4 时进行了范围搜索
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c4>'a4' AND c3='a3';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | range | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 124 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c4='a4' ORDER BY c3;
c3 列将索引用于排序，而不是查找，c4 列没有用到索引
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c4='a4' ORDER BY c3;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 62 | const,const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' ORDER BY c3;
那不就和上面一样的嘛~~~，c4 列都没有用到索引
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' ORDER BY c3;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 62 | const,const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' ORDER BY c4;
妈耶，因为索引建立的顺序和使用的顺序不一致，导致 mysql 动用了文件排序
看到 Using filesort 就要知道：此句 SQL 必须优化
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' ORDER BY c4;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 62 | const,const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c2, c3;
只用 c1 一个字段索引，但是c2、c3用于排序，无filesort
难道因为排序的时候，c2 紧跟在 c1 之后，所以就不用 filesort 吗？
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c2, c3;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 31 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c3, c2;
出现了filesort，我们建的索引是1234，它没有按照顺序来，32颠倒了
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c3, c2;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 31 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' ORDER BY c2, c3;
用c1、c2两个字段索引，但是c2、c3用于排序，无filesort
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' ORDER BY c2, c3;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 62 | const,const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c2, c3;
和 c5 这个坑爹货没啥关系
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c2, c3;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 62 | const,const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c3, c2;
注意查询条件 c2=‘a2’ ，我都把 c2 查出来了(c2 为常量)，我还给它排序作甚，所以没有产生 filesort
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2='a2' AND c5='a5' ORDER BY c3, c2;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 62 | const,const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------+------+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c4='a4' GROUP BY c2, c3;
顺序为 1 2 3 ，没有产生文件排序
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c4='a4' GROUP BY c2, c3;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 31 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c4='a4' GROUP BY c3, c2;
group by 表面上叫分组，分组之前必排序，group by 和 order by 在索引上的问题基本是一样的
Using temporary; Using filesort 两个都有，我只能说是灭绝师太
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c4='a4' GROUP BY c3, c2;
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 31 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
结论：
group by 基本上都需要进行排序，但凡使用不当，会有临时表产生
定值为常量、范围之后失效，最终看排序的顺序
3、索引失效总结
一般性建议
对于单键索引，尽量选择针对当前query过滤性更好的索引
在选择组合索引的时候，当前query中过滤性最好的字段在索引字段顺序中，位置越靠左越好。
在选择组合索引的时候，尽量选择可以能包含当前query中的where子句中更多字段的索引
尽可能通过分析统计信息和调整query的写法来达到选择合适索引的目的
索引优化的总结
like 后面以常量开头，比如 like ‘kk%’ 和 like ‘k%kk%’ ，可以理解为就是常量
like SQL 实测
= ‘kk’ ：key_len = 93 ，请记住此参数的值，后面有用
----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 93 | const,const,const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------------------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
like ‘kk%’：
key_len = 93 ，和上面一样，说明 c1 c2 c3 都用到了索引
type = range 表明这是一个范围搜索
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2 like 'kk%' AND c3='a3';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | range | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 93 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
like ‘%kk’ 和 like ‘%kk%’ ：key_len = 31 ，表示只有 c1 用到了索引
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2 like '%kk' AND c3='a3';
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 31 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2 like '%kk%' AND c3='a3';
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | ref | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 31 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+------+------------------+------------------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
like ‘k%kk%’ ：key_len = 93 ，表示 c1 c2 c3 都用到了索引
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM test03 WHERE c1='a1' AND c2 like 'k%kk%' AND c3='a3';
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | test03 | range | idx_test03_c1234 | idx_test03_c1234 | 93 | NULL | 1 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+--------+-------+------------------+------------------+---------+------+------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
索引优化的总结
全值匹配我最爱， 最左前缀要遵守；
带头大哥不能死， 中间兄弟不能断；
索引列上少计算， 范围之后全失效；
LIKE 百分写最右，覆盖索引不写 *；
不等空值还有OR，索引影响要注意；
VAR 引号不可丢， SQL 优化有诀窍。
分组之前必排序 如果 索引顺序不对 会产生 临时表和文件排序
（详解+并查集的了解和应用）)
)
![[NewLife.Net]单机400万长连接压力测试](http://pic.xiahunao.cn/[NewLife.Net]单机400万长连接压力测试)
（详解+思路+超时解决）)