前言

本篇文章主要是讲解葫芦藤项目中对IdentityServer的实践使用，为了使您对本篇文章中所讲述的内容有深刻的认识，并且在阅读时避免感到乏味，文中的内容不会涉及太多的基础理论知识，而更多的是采用动手实践的方式进行讲解，所以在阅读此篇文章前假定您已经掌握了OAuth2.0的基础知识，如您事先并未了解OAuth2.0，请参阅一下阮一峰老师的文章《理解OAuth2.0》（http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2014/05/oauth_2_0.html）， ASP.NET Core 认证与授权，可以看看博客 雨夜朦胧（https://www.cnblogs.com/RainingNight），另外IdentityServer的相关文章也可以参考博客 晓晨Master（https://www.cnblogs.com/stulzq/）。

葫芦藤前端地址：https://account.suuyuu.cn （验证码获取后，输入123456即可）

葫芦藤后端地址：https://account-web.suuyuu.cn

葫芦藤源码地址：https://github.com/fuluteam/fulusso （帮忙点个小星星哦）

团队博文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/fulu

签名证书（Signing Credential）

IdentityServer支持X.509证书(包括原始文件和对Windows证书存储库的引用)、RSA密钥和EC密钥，用于令牌签名和验证。每个密钥都可以配置一个(兼容的)签名算法，如RS256、RS384、RS512、PS256、PS384、PS512、ES256、ES384或ES512。

通常情况下，我们使用的是针对开发场景创建的临时证书 AddDeveloperSigningCredential，
生产环境怎么办呢？IdentityServer还提供了AddSigningCredential用来装载证书文件，
为此我们需要准备一个X.509证书，下面是在控制台项目中用于生成证书的代码，完整代码请参考项目：https://github.com/fuluteam/ICH.BouncyCastle

//颁发者DNvar issuer = new X509Name(new ArrayList{X509Name.C,X509Name.O,X509Name.OU,X509Name.L,X509Name.ST},new Hashtable{[X509Name.C] = "CN",[X509Name.O] = "Fulu Newwork",[X509Name.OU] = "Fulu RSA CA 2020",[X509Name.L] = "Wuhan",[X509Name.ST] = "Hubei"});//使用者DNvar subject = new X509Name(new ArrayList{X509Name.C,X509Name.O,X509Name.CN}, new Hashtable {[X509Name.C] = "CN",[X509Name.O] = "ICH",[X509Name.CN] = "*.fulu.com"});//生成证书文件CertificateGenerator.GenerateCertificate(newCertificateGenerator.GenerateCertificateOptions { Path = "mypfx.pfx",Issuer = issuer, Subject = subject });

执行代码后，在项目编译输出目录中，会看到一个mypfx.pfx的文件，此时我们的证书就创建成功啦。

接着怎么使用呢，看下面代码：

var certificate2 = new X509Certificate2("mypfx.pfx", "password", X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);identityServerBuilder.AddSigningCredential(certificate2);

大家可能会问，葫芦藤中怎么不是这么写的呢，其实葫芦藤项目中是将证书文件的流数据转成了二进制字符串，这样就可以写在配置文件中了：

using (var fs = new FileStream(options.Path, FileMode.Open)){var bytes = new byte[fs.Length];fs.Read(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);var pfxHexString = Hex.ToHexString(bytes);}

然后在这么使用：

identityServerBuilder.AddSigningCredential(new X509Certificate2(Hex.Decode(appSettings.X509RawCertData), appSettings.X509CertPwd));

客户端存储（Client Store）

在葫芦藤项目中，我们创建了一个ClientStore类，继承自接口IClientStore，实现其方法代码如下：

public class ClientStore : IClientStore{private readonly IClientCacheStrategy _clientInCacheRepository;public ClientStore(IClientCacheStrategy clientInCacheRepository){_clientInCacheRepository = clientInCacheRepository;}public async Task<Client> FindClientByIdAsync(string clientId){var clientEntity = await _clientInCacheRepository.GetClientByIdAsync(clientId.ToInt32());if (clientEntity == null){return null;}return new Client{ClientId = clientId,AllowedScopes = new[] { "api", "get_user_info" },ClientSecrets = new[] { new Secret(clientEntity.ClientSecret.Sha256()) },AllowedGrantTypes = new[]{GrantType.AuthorizationCode,    //授权码模式GrantType.ClientCredentials,    //客户端模式GrantType.ResourceOwnerPassword,    //密码模式CustomGrantType.External,   //自定义模式——三方（移动端）模式CustomGrantType.Sms //自定义——短信模式},AllowOfflineAccess = false,RedirectUris = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(clientEntity.RedirectUri) ? null : clientEntity.RedirectUri.Split(';'),RequireConsent = false,AccessTokenType = AccessTokenType.Jwt,AccessTokenLifetime = 7200,ClientClaimsPrefix = "",Claims = new[] { new Claim(JwtClaimTypes.Role, "Client") }};}}

通过代码可以看到，通过clientId从缓存中读取Client的相关信息构建并返回，这里我们为所有的Client简单的设置了统一的AllowedGrantTypes，这是一种偷懒的做法，应当按需授予GrantType，例如通常情况下我们只应默认给应用分配AuthorizationCode或者ClientCredentials，ResourceOwnerPassword需要谨慎授予（需要用户对Client高度信任）。

资源存储（Resource Store）

由于历史原因，在葫芦藤中，我们并没有通过IdentityServer对api资源进行访问保护（后续会提供我们的实现方式），我们为所有Client设置了相同的Scope。

持久化授权存储（Persisted Grant Store）

葫芦藤中，我们使用了Redis来持久化数据，

通过EntityFramework Core持久化配置和操作数据，请参考
https://www.cnblogs.com/stulzq/p/8120518.html
https://github.com/IdentityServer/IdentityServer4.EntityFramework

IPersistedGrantStore接口中定义了如下6个方法：

/// <summary>Interface for persisting any type of grant.</summary>public interface IPersistedGrantStore{/// <summary>Stores the grant.</summary>/// <param name="grant">The grant.</param>/// <returns></returns>Task StoreAsync(PersistedGrant grant);/// <summary>Gets the grant.</summary>/// <param name="key">The key.</param>/// <returns></returns>Task<PersistedGrant> GetAsync(string key);/// <summary>Gets all grants for a given subject id.</summary>/// <param name="subjectId">The subject identifier.</param>/// <returns></returns>Task<IEnumerable<PersistedGrant>> GetAllAsync(string subjectId);/// <summary>Removes the grant by key.</summary>/// <param name="key">The key.</param>/// <returns></returns>Task RemoveAsync(string key);/// <summary>/// Removes all grants for a given subject id and client id combination./// </summary>/// <param name="subjectId">The subject identifier.</param>/// <param name="clientId">The client identifier.</param>/// <returns></returns>Task RemoveAllAsync(string subjectId, string clientId);/// <summary>/// Removes all grants of a give type for a given subject id and client id combination./// </summary>/// <param name="subjectId">The subject identifier.</param>/// <param name="clientId">The client identifier.</param>/// <param name="type">The type.</param>/// <returns></returns>Task RemoveAllAsync(string subjectId, string clientId, string type);}

PersistedGrant的结构如下：

/// <summary>A model for a persisted grant</summary>public class PersistedGrant{/// <summary>Gets or sets the key.</summary>/// <value>The key.</value>public string Key { get; set; }/// <summary>Gets the type.</summary>/// <value>The type.</value>public string Type { get; set; }/// <summary>Gets the subject identifier.</summary>/// <value>The subject identifier.</value>public string SubjectId { get; set; }/// <summary>Gets the client identifier.</summary>/// <value>The client identifier.</value>public string ClientId { get; set; }/// <summary>Gets or sets the creation time.</summary>/// <value>The creation time.</value>public DateTime CreationTime { get; set; }/// <summary>Gets or sets the expiration.</summary>/// <value>The expiration.</value>public DateTime? Expiration { get; set; }/// <summary>Gets or sets the data.</summary>/// <value>The data.</value>public string Data { get; set; }}

可以看出主要是针对PersistedGrant对象的操作，通过观察GetAsync和RemoveAsync方法的入参均为key，我们在StoreAsync中将PersistedGrant中的Key作为缓存key，将PersistedGrant对象以hash的方式存入缓存中，并设置过期时间（注意将UTC时间转换为本地时间）

public async Task StoreAsync(PersistedGrant grant){//var expiresIn = grant.Expiration - DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();var trans = db.CreateTransaction();var expiry = grant.Expiration.Value.ToLocalTime();db.HashSetAsync(grant.Key, GetHashEntries(grant));  //GetHashEntries是将对象PersistedGrant转换为HashEntry数组db.KeyExpireAsync(grant.Key, expiry);await trans.ExecuteAsync();}

同时，把GetAsync和RemoveAsync的代码填上：

public async Task<PersistedGrant> GetAsync(string key){var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();var items = await db.HashGetAllAsync(key);return GetPersistedGrant(items);    //将HashEntry数组转换为PersistedGrant对象}public async Task RemoveAsync(string key){var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();await db.KeyDeleteAsync(key);}

接着，GetAllAsync方法，通过subjectId查询PersistedGrant集合，1对n，因此，我们在StoreAsync中补上这一层关系，以subjectId为缓存key，grant.Key为缓存值存入list集合中；GetAllAsync方法中，通过subjectId取出grant.Key的集合，最终得到PersistedGrant集合。

public async Task StoreAsync(PersistedGrant grant){//var expiresIn = grant.Expiration - DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();var trans = db.CreateTransaction();var expiry = grant.Expiration.Value.ToLocalTime();db.HashSetAsync(grant.Key, GetHashEntries(grant));  //GetHashEntries是将对象PersistedGrant转换为HashEntry数组db.KeyExpireAsync(grant.Key, expiry);db.ListLeftPushAsync(grant.SubjectId, grant.Key);db.KeyExpireAsync(grant.SubjectId, expiry);await trans.ExecuteAsync();}public async Task<IEnumerable<PersistedGrant>> GetAllAsync(string subjectId){if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(subjectId))return new List<PersistedGrant>();var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();var keys = await db.ListRangeAsync(subjectId);var list = new List<PersistedGrant>();foreach (string key in keys){var items = await db.HashGetAllAsync(key);list.Add(GetPersistedGrant(items));}return list;}

类似的，StoreAsync方法中我们只需StoreAsync方法中根据RemoveAllAsync方法参数组装缓存key，grant.Key为缓存值写入缓存，对应的RemoveAllAsync中根据参数组装的key查询出grant.Key集合，删除缓存即可。

public async Task StoreAsync(PersistedGrant grant){var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();var trans = db.CreateTransaction();var expiry = grant.Expiration.Value.ToLocalTime();db.HashSetAsync(grant.Key, GetHashEntries(grant));db.KeyExpireAsync(grant.Key, expiry);if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(grant.SubjectId)){db.ListLeftPushAsync(grant.SubjectId, grant.Key);db.KeyExpireAsync(grant.SubjectId, expiry);var key1 = $"{grant.SubjectId}:{grant.ClientId}";db.ListLeftPushAsync(key1, grant.Key);db.KeyExpireAsync(key1, expiry);var key2 = $"{grant.SubjectId}:{grant.ClientId}:{grant.Type}";db.ListLeftPushAsync(key2, grant.Key);db.KeyExpireAsync(key2, expiry);}await trans.ExecuteAsync();}public async Task RemoveAllAsync(string subjectId, string clientId){if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subjectId) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientId))return;var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();var key = $"{subjectId}:{clientId}";var keys = await db.ListRangeAsync(key);if (!keys.Any()) return;var trans = db.CreateTransaction();db.KeyDeleteAsync(keys.ToRedisKeys());db.KeyDeleteAsync(key);await trans.ExecuteAsync();}public async Task RemoveAllAsync(string subjectId, string clientId, string type){if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(subjectId) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(clientId) || string.IsNullOrEmpty(type)) return;var db = await _redisCache.GetDatabaseAsync();var key = $"{subjectId}:{clientId}:{type}";var keys = await db.ListRangeAsync(key);if (!keys.Any()) return;var trans = db.CreateTransaction();db.KeyDeleteAsync(keys.ToRedisKeys());db.KeyDeleteAsync(key);await trans.ExecuteAsync();}

至此，持久化的代码填写完毕；启动并调试项目，可以看到PersistedGrant对象如下：

资源拥有者验证器（Resource Owner Validator）

如果要使用OAuth 2.0 密码模式（Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant），则需要实现并注册IResourceOwnerPasswordValidator接口：

public async Task ValidateAsync(ResourceOwnerPasswordValidationContext context){var result = await _userService.LoginByPasswordAsync(context.UserName, context.Password);if (result.Code == 0){var claims = await _userService.SaveSuccessLoginInfo(context.Request.ClientId.ToInt32(), result.Data.Id,_contextAccessor.HttpContext.GetIp(), UserLoginModel.Password);context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(result.Data.Id, OidcConstants.AuthenticationMethods.Password, claims);}else{context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(TokenRequestErrors.InvalidRequest, result.Message);}}

重定向地址验证器（Redirect Uri Validator）

用于验证重定向（授权码模式）和注销后重定向Uri的校验，葫芦藤项目中重定向地址验证只验证域名（不验证完整的requestedUri地址），且未进行注销重定向Uri的校验。

public class RedirectUriValidator : IRedirectUriValidator{public Task<bool> IsRedirectUriValidAsync(string requestedUri, Client client){if (client.RedirectUris == null || !client.RedirectUris.Any()){return Task.FromResult(false);}var uri = new Uri(requestedUri);return Task.FromResult(client.RedirectUris.Any(x => x.Contains(uri.Host)));}public Task<bool> IsPostLogoutRedirectUriValidAsync(string requestedUri, Client client){return Task.FromResult(true);}}

扩展授权验证器（Extension Grant Validator）

在IdentityServer4中，通过实现IExtensionGrantValidator接口，可以实现自定义授权。在葫芦藤项目中，我们有两个场景需要用到自定义授权：

• 通过第三方（QQ、微信）的用户标识（OpenId）进行登录（颁发用户令牌）

• 通过短信验证码进行登录（颁发用户令牌）

在IdentityServer4中实现短信验证码授权模式，我们创建了一个SmsGrantValidator类，继承自IExtensionGrantValidator接口，然后给属性GrantType取一个名字，此处名称为“sms”，实现ValidateAsync方法，方法内进行入参校验，然后验证短信验证码，验证通过后取出用户信息，下面代码中，当用户不存在时也可以自动注册。代码如下：

public class SmsGrantValidator : IExtensionGrantValidator{private readonly IHttpContextAccessor _contextAccessor;private readonly IValidationComponent _validationComponent;private readonly IUserService _userService;public SmsGrantValidator(IHttpContextAccessor contextAccessor, IValidationComponent validationComponent, IUserService userService){_contextAccessor = contextAccessor;_validationComponent = validationComponent;_userService = userService;GrantType = CustomGrantType.Sms;}public async Task ValidateAsync(ExtensionGrantValidationContext context){var phone = context.Request.Raw.Get("phone");var code = context.Request.Raw.Get("code");if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(phone) || Regex.IsMatch(phone, RegExp.PhoneNumber) == false){context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(TokenRequestErrors.InvalidRequest, "phone is not valid");return;}if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(code)){context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(TokenRequestErrors.InvalidRequest, "code is not valid");return;}try{var validSms = await _validationComponent.ValidSmsAsync(phone, code);if (!validSms.Data){context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(TokenRequestErrors.InvalidRequest, validSms.Message);return;}var userEntity = await _userService.GetUserByPhoneAsync(phone);if (userEntity == null){context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(TokenRequestErrors.InvalidRequest, "用户不存在或未注册");return;}if (userEntity.Enabled == false){context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(TokenRequestErrors.InvalidRequest, "您的账号已被禁止登录");return;}await _userService.SaveSuccessLoginInfo(context.Request.ClientId.ToInt32(), userEntity.Id, _contextAccessor.HttpContext.GetIp(),UserLoginModel.SmsCode);}catch (Exception ex){context.Result = new GrantValidationResult(TokenRequestErrors.InvalidRequest, ex.Message);}}public string GrantType { get; }}

OAuth2.0的实践运用场景

基于角色的授权（role-based authorization）

基于角色的授权检查是声明性的，开发人员将其嵌入到代码中、控制器或控制器内的操作，指定当前用户必须是其成员的角色才能访问请求的资源，文档参考《ASP.NET Core 中的基于角色的授权》。

葫芦藤中定义了两种角色Claim（声明），客户端和用户，使用客户端授权模式（client credentials）颁发的令牌，ClaimRole为Client，使用授权码模式（authorization code）、密码模式（resource owner password credentials）、自定义授权模式（短信、第三方）颁发的用户令牌，ClaimRole为User

public static class ClaimRoles{/// <summary>/// 客户端/// </summary>public const string Client = "Client";/// <summary>/// 用户/// </summary>public const string User = "User";}

在ClientStore中增加返回Client的Claims，JwtClaimTypes.Role为ClaimRoles.Client，下面是客户端令牌，可以看到 “role”:”Client”

{"alg":"RS256","kid":"99AA0C1236097972F29789562761D38AAE301918","typ":"JWT","x5t":"maoMEjYJeXLyl4lWJ2HTiq4wGRg"}{"nbf":1608522625,"exp":1608529825,"iss":"http://localhost:80","aud":"api","client_id":"10000001","role":"Client","scope":["api","get_user_info"]}

在用户登录成功后返回的Claims中增加JwtClaimTypes.Role为ClaimRoles.User，下面是用户令牌，可以看到 “role”:”User”

{"alg":"RS256","kid":"99AA0C1236097972F29789562761D38AAE301918","typ":"JWT","x5t":"maoMEjYJeXLyl4lWJ2HTiq4wGRg"}{"nbf":1608522576,"exp":1608529776,"iss":"http://localhost:80","aud":"api","client_id":"10000001","sub":"df09efff-0074-4dca-91c3-e38180c5e4ac","auth_time":1608522576,"idp":"local","id":"df09efff-0074-4dca-91c3-e38180c5e4ac","open_id":"07E8E30B56D256EF8C440019AB6AAA89","name":"1051dfd1-73e5-4e6f-9326-3423bc9b71a3","nickname":"laowang","phone_number":"18627131390","email":"","role":"User","login_ip":"0.0.0.1","login_address":"保留地址","last_login_ip":"0.0.0.1","last_login_address":"保留地址","scope":["api","get_user_info"],"amr":["pwd","mfa"]}

在项目Fulu.Passport.API的Startup文件中，添加对组件Fulu.Service.Authorize的服务注入

services.AddServiceAuthorize(o =>...代码省略...);

services.AddAuthentication(x =>...代码省略...).AddJwtBearer(o =>{...代码省略...o.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters{NameClaimType = JwtClaimTypes.Name,RoleClaimType = ClaimTypes.Role,    //注意，这里不能使用JwtClaimTypes.Role...代码省略...}}

接着，只需在Controller或Action上指定属性即可

[Route("api/[controller]/[action]")][ApiController][Authorize(Roles = ClaimRoles.Client)]public class ClientController : ControllerBase{...省略部分代码.../// <summary>/// 获取应用列表/// </summary>/// <returns></returns>[HttpGet][ProducesResponseType(typeof(ActionObjectResult<List<ClientEntity>, Statistic>), 200)]public async Task<IActionResult> GetClients(){var clients = await _clientRepository.TableNoTracking.Where(c => c.Enabled).ToListAsync();return ObjectResponse.Ok(clients);}...省略部分代码...

客户端授权模式（client credentials）

通过客户端授权模式颁发的令牌，可以实现对服务资源进行保护。步骤如下：

（A）客户端10000001向葫后进行身份认证，并要求一个访问令牌。（B）葫后验证客户端身份后，向客户端10000001提供访问令牌。

A步骤中，客户端10000001发出的HTTP请求，包含以下参数：

• grant_type：表示授权类型，此处的值固定为”clientcredentials”，必选项。

• client_id：表示客户端的ID，必选项。

• client_secret：表示客户端密钥，必选项。

POST https://account-web.suuyuu.cn/oauth/token HTTP/1.1Host: www.xxx.comContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedgrant_type=client_credentials&client_id=10000001&client_secret=14p9ao1gxu4q3sp8ogk8bq4gkct59t9w

B步骤中，葫芦藤向客户端10000001发放令牌，下面是一个例子。

HTTP/1.1 200 OKContent-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, max-age=0Pragma: no-cache{"access_token": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ijk5QUEwQzEyMzYwOTc5NzJGMjk3ODk1NjI3NjFEMzhBQUUzMDE5MTgiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJ4NXQiOiJtYW9NRWpZSmVYTHlsNGxXSjJIVGlxNHdHUmcifQ.eyJuYmYiOjE2MDc0MTQ2MjUsImV4cCI6MTYwNzQyMTgyNSwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cDovL2xvY2FsaG9zdDo4MCIsImF1ZCI6ImFwaSIsImNsaWVudF9pZCI6IjEwMDAwMDAxIiwicm9sZSI6IkNsaWVudCIsImh0dHA6Ly9zY2hlbWFzLm1pY3Jvc29mdC5jb20vd3MvMjAwOC8wNi9pZGVudGl0eS9jbGFpbXMvcm9sZSI6IkNsaWVudCIsInNjb3BlIjpbImFwaSIsImdldF91c2VyX2luZm8iXX0.ilu1qMxDiXVxsqU6aO-xuyYaLvvj2mxONjYkXtpMs46K7O3_Qc5VsY0ZZaYPoLROAqPulxsWWpxjEiQd10OdRh4IziGAcpYfAfoD80CZxrcuWrWloB5aWncv_PMZcjzKw7Vt3G3g-WkJl4amTta498hZJ3B-N-ReLhl-3ICSMFU8PU_ZVtEB-2lRx93rVyPIaQu_DWmpyW4Bdf2ocYm4RPQAEsvBToEFObbWPG6paLWIjrSN2aQPvsRWziorvlIhyFV5L6oyFIGIrZxdLJTOsvRQaevpV1sbv9pD_Z9PZDbSQiQDbWQv0MfrYB0Npc6VQlIMkL2GPNlQ8NgwyGT1sQ","expires_in": 7200,"token_type": "Bearer","scope": "api get_user_info"}

授权码模式（authorization code）

葫芦藤项目通过授权码模式（authorization code）实现了单点登录，通过授权码模式拿到用户令牌。目前葫芦藤只有一个应用（葫芦藤安全中心），这里为了不把概念搞混淆，我们假定百度（客户端10000002，redirect_uri 为 http://www.baidu.com）接入了咱们的授权体系，当然，百度的前端肯定没有写如何构造请求步骤的逻辑代码，因此，我们下面通过人工模拟请求步骤。

名词定义

• 葫芦藤的client_id是10000001，百度的client_id是10000002

• 葫芦藤前端服务，简称“葫前”（https://account.suuyuu.cn）

• 葫芦藤后端服务，简称“葫后”（https://account-web.suuyuu.cn）

• 百度前端服务，简称“百前”（https://www.baidu.com）

• 百度后端服务，简称“百后”（假定地址为 https://api.baidu.com）

（A）用户访问“百前”，“百前”将用户导向“葫后”。
（B）“葫后”检查用户是否需要登录（是否携带了有效的登录Cookie），如需登录跳转到“葫前”。
（C）用户登录后，“葫后”将用户导向百度事先指定的"重定向URI"（redirection URI），同时附上一个授权码。
（D）“百前”收到授权码，附上早先的"重定向URI"，向“百后”申请令牌，“百后”拿到授权码之后携带密钥client_secret向“葫后”申请令牌。
（E）“葫后”核对了授权码和重定向URI，确认无误后，向“百后”颁发访问令牌（access token）。
（F）“百后”将令牌返回给“百前”。

A步骤中，构造的请求地址包含以下参数：

• response_type：表示授权类型，必选项，此处的值固定为”code”

• client_id：表示客户端的ID，必选项

• redirect_uri：表示重定向URI，可选项

• scope：表示申请的权限范围，可选项

• state：表示客户端的当前状态，可以指定任意值，认证服务器会原封不动地返回这个值

步骤A中开发人员需向前端人员提供client_id，即上面的client_id，下面是一个例子。

构造如下地址，复制到浏览器地址栏中并回车，如果跳转到登录页，请进行登录。

https://account-web.suuyuu.cn/connect/authorize?client_id=10000002&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com&response_type=code&scope=api&state=STATE

登录后会重定向redirect_uri到如下地址：

https://www.baidu.com/?code=1MlxrvXuD7TfH-s4dLzcw9ymO0SKDbf5xAlh3ZEHlMo&scope=api&state=STATE

D步骤中，我们通过临时授权码向“葫后”索取令牌，包含以下参数：

• grant_type：表示使用的授权模式，必选项，此处的值固定为”authorization_code”。

• code：表示上一步获得的授权码，必选项。

• redirect_uri：表示重定向URI，必选项，且必须与A步骤中的该参数值保持一致。

• client_id：表示应用ID，必选项。

• client_secret：表示应用密钥，必选项。

POST https://account-web.suuyuu.cn/oauth/token HTTP/1.1Host: account-web.suuyuu.cnContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedgrant_type=authorization_code&code=1MlxrvXuD7TfH-s4dLzcw9ymO0SKDbf5xAlh3ZEHlMo&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com&client_id=10000002&client_secret=14p9ao1gxu4q3sp8ogk8bq4gkct59t9w

{"access_token":"eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjcwQzQ3OUY1QUIyQTFERjM2QzE0MkNEQjQ3NjQ1QkEwMzQ1MTg1NUEiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJ4NXQiOiJjTVI1OWFzcUhmTnNGQ3piUjJSYm9EUlJoVm8ifQ.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.ElnHr5Niknq7kzGL8iv1TH0F6NQ21yPrswzSTIZuvetUxztYgQpD-RfgBW2HL6b_rRyQxFjE23gU4lBIEayM8k3M9_sUzZq8E_dFT8LwpsU76-CxepxHft4hn1YG0a5C6QRyjFQoSFVUZXIp663Es7vwRQ6PgsfkHZKXxAqXL-obHj_QLbv6OeciTIRGwYrL9-1_SDQ4esFR2n8LkGGOug55j9QuQEKMCufQLJ-nB3y7A2-0mnNoiuF2BBYSPLamcvMcLe8LbhCITLrHkcUSc6tsSdnEeisS6BMIoiyRq-LR2jJwDD30swTPFd85v6kUBJ3ZnWjeCqsluGGKHrwDLA","expires_in":7200,"token_type":"Bearer","scope":"api"}

密码模式（resource owner password credentials）

密码模式主要用于给可信应用颁发用户令牌，此类应用有个性化的登录页（不依赖单点登录，葫芦藤的登录页面），如app、小程序、h5等。

• grant_type：表示授权类型，此处的值固定为”password”，必选项。

• client_id：表示客户端的ID，必选项。

• client_secret：表示客户端密钥，必选项。

• username：用户名，必选项。

• password：密码，必选项。（基于密码原文的rsa加密串）

POST https://account-web.suuyuu.cn/oauth/token HTTP/1.1Host: account-web.suuyuu.cnContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedgrant_type=password&client_id=10000001&client_secret=14p9ao1gxu4q3sp8ogk8bq4gkct59t9w&username=18627131390&password=0200f6389afbcbc624811785c9fbbf5c1b6d7b53b1315a1a43021c0733323fab7625bb9e6594cd30758fa700798421bc189dc223bf696d2438530ffab337809b96bb47ee38f3416bf4b57222050d5f4ad66ee052598ea62ff5ec6f991729956cb692f6f48b758564a46aeff86208581cad9063d3ccd71b551fa4b4b4b983fc1a

{"access_token": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjcwQzQ3OUY1QUIyQTFERjM2QzE0MkNEQjQ3NjQ1QkEwMzQ1MTg1NUEiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJ4NXQiOiJjTVI1OWFzcUhmTnNGQ3piUjJSYm9EUlJoVm8ifQ.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.d3qvhX6KSdm5EgWpUzbjJX2bB1OiUo-285nZ1qsGKpqTQJUH1VHQoJogB0NI-uVYdgIV-y3CMBhFY_fDYQJto43zDf0gDvYxa2eWnX5MWL7Augigi59Icp0YvNDCGd2iT5ztAWpxk1Jww815TtCFtFFGiQfQC75bKLrTW9QvdXr8t4VHcFKGmz92m8g3WL-0eWqAyvk0YuSBvxOd8P8zoocEiiOgVKTSylphSIQxuC8B4MFNf2DoFWDQjNZmDCs7PLh7sniMmLdfilo7T7gAlq9qjUrmQmav4wbDMT8WZqa01WY-LsWq6mZUnbCytgSu7Xrr90b6LAEGn-hxdQ5VHg","expires_in": 7200,"token_type": "Bearer","scope": "api get_user_info"}

自定义授权模式（短信、第三方）（extension grant）

客户端通过用户手机号短信验证码或第三方用户（QQ、WeChat）的用户唯一标识（OpenId）向认证服务器索要用户令牌。

以短信验证码方式为例，我们定义的流程如下：

用户向客户端提供自己的手机号和短信验证码。客户端使用这些信息，向认证服务器索要授权。步骤如下：

（A）用户向客户端提供手机号和短信验证码。

（B）客户端将手机号和短信码发给认证服务器，向后者请求令牌。

（C）认证服务器确认无误后，向客户端提供用户令牌。

B步骤中，客户端发出的HTTP请求，包含以下参数：

• grant_type：表示授权类型，此处的值固定为”sms”，必选项。

• client_id：表示客户端的ID，必选项。

• client_secret：表示客户端的密钥，必选项。

• phone：表示手机号，必选项。

• code：表示短信验证码，必选项。

下面是一个请求示例。

POST https://account-web.suuyuu.cn/oauth/token HTTP/1.1Host: account-web.suuyuu.cnContent-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencodedgrant_type=sms&phone=18627131390&code=123456&client_id=10000001&client_secret=14p9ao1gxu4q3sp8ogk8bq4gkct59t9w

{"access_token": "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ijk5QUEwQzEyMzYwOTc5NzJGMjk3ODk1NjI3NjFEMzhBQUUzMDE5MTgiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJ4NXQiOiJtYW9NRWpZSmVYTHlsNGxXSjJIVGlxNHdHUmcifQ.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_neeVmeWcsOWdgCIsInNjb3BlIjpbImFwaSIsImdldF91c2VyX2luZm8iXSwiYW1yIjpbInBhc3N3b3JkIiwibWZhIl19.ZQklMJMXObc3vL-gMOWnWIS56ck5_XbDfXjw9Vm6BeYjG4dyz05JTN_YHgU-EIJoM04nmFyjNgGYtqL-28-3MQeHfWhvQf_5dyY1w-DBBCKo1EMEm_ujKTDB1QQTN1XmVTgW7bBkEiv4NK5v3uYqh_s7pv8Csusm4oWZThWPlKLtxWVDtawFzvz4Un-2WATytsLNfluutiLVnpN7INhkdglansTTOCUOdCOLBEEbDzTuLyCnhm00xYtg5GrMAkDohqXLKYD2jSFzIyYTA_oryTFXcJpkGYwIRqRX7bXvAlMR5yE_CTtNWpSnaLJ2GtFv_QFe-YItCtSO-bBd6XQBRA","expires_in": 7200,"token_type": "Bearer","scope": "api get_user_info"}

第三方授权登录的编写与使用

在葫芦藤项目中我们提供了钉钉、微信的OAuth组件，并实现了功能，演示地址在 https://account.suuyuu.cn，下面我们以微信为例简单介绍下如何编写组件及使用。

首先咱们阅读一下网站应用微信登录开发指南，了解一下接入流程。要使用微信登录，先得在微信·开放平台注册成为开发者，并进行资质认证。

微信开放平台帐号的开发者资质认证提供更安全、更严格的真实性认证、也能够更好的保护企业及用户的合法权益开发者资质认证通过后，微信开放平台帐号下的应用，将获得微信登录、智能接口、第三方平台开发等高级能力审核费用：中国大陆地区：300元，非中国大陆地区：99美元

然后在管理中心创建网站应用

对照微信开发指南将需要用到的地址定义到WeChatDefaults.cs中

public static class WeChatDefaults{public const string AuthenticationScheme = "wechat";public static readonly string DisplayName = "wechat";//第一步：请求CODEpublic static readonly string AuthorizationEndpoint = "https://open.weixin.qq.com/connect/qrconnect";//第二步：通过code获取access_tokenpublic static readonly string TokenEndpoint = "https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/oauth2/access_token";//第三步：获取用户个人信息public static readonly string UserInformationEndpoint = "https://api.weixin.qq.com/sns/userinfo";}

此处唯一要注意的地方，ClaimActions集合的参数来自微信返回的字段

public class WeChatOptions : OAuthOptions{/// <summary>/// Initializes a new <see cref="WeChatOptions"/>./// </summary>public WeChatOptions(){CallbackPath = new PathString("/signin-wechat");AuthorizationEndpoint = WeChatDefaults.AuthorizationEndpoint;TokenEndpoint = WeChatDefaults.TokenEndpoint;UserInformationEndpoint = WeChatDefaults.UserInformationEndpoint;Scope.Add("snsapi_login");ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, "openid");ClaimActions.MapJsonKey(ClaimTypes.Name, "nickname");}/// <summary>/// access_type. Set to 'offline' to request a refresh token./// </summary>public string AccessType { get; set; }}

public static class WeChatExtensions{public static AuthenticationBuilder AddWeChat(this AuthenticationBuilder builder)=> builder.AddWeChat(WeChatDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, _ => { });public static AuthenticationBuilder AddWeChat(this AuthenticationBuilder builder, Action<WeChatOptions> configureOptions)=> builder.AddWeChat(WeChatDefaults.AuthenticationScheme, configureOptions);public static AuthenticationBuilder AddWeChat(this AuthenticationBuilder builder, string authenticationScheme, Action<WeChatOptions> configureOptions)=> builder.AddWeChat(authenticationScheme, WeChatDefaults.DisplayName, configureOptions);public static AuthenticationBuilder AddWeChat(this AuthenticationBuilder builder, string authenticationScheme, string displayName, Action<WeChatOptions> configureOptions)=> builder.AddOAuth<WeChatOptions, WeChatHandler>(authenticationScheme, displayName, configureOptions);}

新增一个类WeChatHandler，继承自OAuthHandler

BuildChallengeUrl（构造客户端申请认证的URI）

protected override string BuildChallengeUrl(AuthenticationProperties properties, string redirectUri){var state = Options.StateDataFormat.Protect(properties);var baseUri = $"{Request.Scheme}{Uri.SchemeDelimiter}{Request.Host}{Request.PathBase}";var currentUri = $"{baseUri}{Request.Path}{Request.QueryString}";if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(properties.RedirectUri)){properties.RedirectUri = currentUri;}var queryStrings = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase){{"response_type", "code"},{"appid", Uri.EscapeDataString(Options.ClientId)},{"redirect_uri", redirectUri},{"state", Uri.EscapeDataString(state)}};var scope = string.Join(",", Options.Scope);queryStrings.Add("scope", Uri.EscapeDataString(scope));var authorizationEndpoint = QueryHelpers.AddQueryString(Options.AuthorizationEndpoint, queryStrings);return authorizationEndpoint;}

HandleRemoteAuthenticateAsync（向认证服务器申请令牌获取用户信息并创建票据）

protected override async Task<HandleRequestResult> HandleRemoteAuthenticateAsync(){var state = Request.Query["state"];var properties = Options.StateDataFormat.Unprotect(state);if (properties == null)return HandleRequestResult.Fail("The oauth state was missing or invalid.");if (!ValidateCorrelationId(properties))return HandleRequestResult.Fail("Correlation failed.", properties);var code = Request.Query["code"];if (StringValues.IsNullOrEmpty(code))return HandleRequestResult.Fail("Code was not found.", properties);var redirectUri = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(Options.CallbackPath) ?Options.CallbackPath.Value : BuildRedirectUri(Options.CallbackPath);var context = new OAuthCodeExchangeContext(properties, code, redirectUri);var tokens = await ExchangeCodeAsync(context);if (tokens.Error != null)return HandleRequestResult.Fail(tokens.Error, properties);if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(tokens.AccessToken))return HandleRequestResult.Fail("Failed to retrieve access token.", properties);var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(ClaimsIssuer);if (Options.SaveTokens){var authenticationTokenList = new List<AuthenticationToken>{new AuthenticationToken{Name = "access_token",Value = tokens.AccessToken}};if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(tokens.RefreshToken)){authenticationTokenList.Add(new AuthenticationToken{Name = "refresh_token",Value = tokens.RefreshToken});}if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(tokens.TokenType)){authenticationTokenList.Add(new AuthenticationToken{Name = "token_type",Value = tokens.TokenType});}if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(tokens.ExpiresIn) && int.TryParse(tokens.ExpiresIn, NumberStyles.Integer, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, out var result)){var dateTimeOffset = Clock.UtcNow + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(result);authenticationTokenList.Add(new AuthenticationToken(){Name = "expires_at",Value = dateTimeOffset.ToString("o", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)});}properties.StoreTokens(authenticationTokenList);}var ticket = await CreateTicketAsync(identity, properties, tokens);return ticket == null ? HandleRequestResult.Fail("Failed to retrieve user information from remote server.", properties) : HandleRequestResult.Success(ticket);}

此步骤中包含两个子步骤

ExchangeCodeAsync（交换授权码Code）

protected override async Task<OAuthTokenResponse> ExchangeCodeAsync(OAuthCodeExchangeContext context){var tokenRequestParameters = new List<KeyValuePair<string, string>>{new KeyValuePair<string, string>("appid", Options.ClientId),new KeyValuePair<string, string>("secret", Options.ClientSecret),new KeyValuePair<string, string>("code", context.Code),new KeyValuePair<string, string>("grant_type", "authorization_code"),};var urlEncodedContent = new FormUrlEncodedContent(tokenRequestParameters);var response =await Backchannel.PostAsync(Options.TokenEndpoint, urlEncodedContent, Context.RequestAborted);return response.IsSuccessStatusCode ? OAuthTokenResponse.Success(JsonDocument.Parse(await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync())) : OAuthTokenResponse.Failed(new Exception("OAuth token failure"));}

CreateTicketAsync（创建票据）

protected override async Task<AuthenticationTicket> CreateTicketAsync(ClaimsIdentity identity,AuthenticationProperties properties,OAuthTokenResponse tokens){var openId = tokens.Response.RootElement.GetString("openid");var parameters = new Dictionary<string, string>{{  "openid", openId},{  "access_token", tokens.AccessToken }};var userInfoEndpoint = QueryHelpers.AddQueryString(Options.UserInformationEndpoint, parameters);var response = await Backchannel.GetAsync(userInfoEndpoint, Context.RequestAborted);if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode){throw new HttpRequestException($"An error occurred when retrieving WeChat user information ({response.StatusCode}). Please check if the authentication information is correct.");}using (var payload = JsonDocument.Parse(await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync())){var context = new OAuthCreatingTicketContext(new ClaimsPrincipal(identity), properties, Context, Scheme,Options, Backchannel, tokens, payload.RootElement);context.RunClaimActions();await Events.CreatingTicket(context);context.Properties.ExpiresUtc = DateTimeOffset.Now.AddMinutes(15);return new AuthenticationTicket(context.Principal, context.Properties, Scheme.Name);}}

组件写好了，怎么使用呢？在Fulu.Passport.Web项目的Startup.cs文件中添加代码如下：

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services){......省略部分代码......services.AddAuthentication().AddWeChat(o =>{o.SignInScheme = IdentityServerConstants.ExternalCookieAuthenticationScheme;o.ClientId = Configuration["ExternalWeChat:AppId"];o.ClientSecret = Configuration["ExternalWeChat:Secret"];})}

接着，在UserController.cs中添加如下代码：

/// <summary>/// 外部账号登录/// </summary>/// <param name="model"></param>/// <returns></returns>[HttpGet, AllowAnonymous]public IActionResult ExternalLogin([FromQuery] ExternalLoginModel model){var authenticationProperties = new AuthenticationProperties(){RedirectUri = Url.Action(nameof(ExternalLoginCallback)),Items ={{ "returnUrl", model.ReturnUrl },{ "scheme", model.Provider },}};return Challenge(authenticationProperties, model.Provider);}/// <summary>/// 外部登录回调/// </summary>/// <returns></returns>[HttpGet][AllowAnonymous]public async Task<IActionResult> ExternalLoginCallback(){//获取idsrv.external Cookie 对象var result = await HttpContext.AuthenticateAsync(IdentityServerConstants.ExternalCookieAuthenticationScheme);var returnUrl = result.Properties.Items["returnUrl"];if (result.Succeeded == false){return await RedirectErrorResult("error", "External authentication error", returnUrl);}......省略部分代码......//删除 idsrv.external Cookieawait HttpContext.SignOutAsync(IdentityServerConstants.ExternalCookieAuthenticationScheme);//写入 .AspNetCore.Cookiesawait SignIn(userEntity, UserLoginModel.External);return Redirect(returnUrl);}