系统环境： Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.7 (Tikanga) 64位
Tomcat下载
从官方网站 http://tomcat.apache.org/下载你需要的Tomcat版本，目前Tomcat主要版本有Tomcat 6.0、Tomcat 7.0、Tomcat 8.0三个版本，下面我们以6.0(6.0.39)版本为例， 下载URL地址：http://tomcat.apache.org/download-60.cgi ，如果你需要下载Tomcat 6.0下的其它版本，点击链接地址“Archives“ http://archive.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-6/ 即可查看到你需要的版本。
Tomcat安装
Step 1：安装配置JDK
关于JDK的安装配置细节可以参考我以前的博客lRedhat Linux安装JDK 1.7，JDK最好选择合适的版本，这里我为了方便省事，就安装了JDK1.7.
1: [root@DB-Server tmp]# chmod +x jdk-7u25-linux-x64.rpm
2: 3: [root@DB-Server tmp]# rpm -ivh jdk-7u25-linux-x64.rpm
4: Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
5: 1:jdk ########################################### [100%]
6: Unpacking JAR files... 7: rt.jar... 8: jsse.jar... 9: charsets.jar... 10: tools.jar... 11: localedata.jar... 12: [root@DB-Server tmp]# cd /usr/java/ 配置环境变量，在etc/profile文件下添加
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25
export CLASSPATH=/usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25/lib
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH
1: [root@DB-Server jdk1.7.0_25]# vi /etc/profile
2: [root@DB-Server jdk1.7.0_25]# source /etc/profile --生效修改配置信息
3: 4: [root@DB-Server jdk1.7.0_25]# echo $JAVA_HOME
5: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25 6: [root@DB-Server jdk1.7.0_25]# echo $CLASSPATH
7: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25/lib 8: [root@DB-Server jdk1.7.0_25]# java -version
9: java version "1.7.0_25"
10: Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_25-b15) 11: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 23.25-b01, mixed mode) 12: [root@DB-Server jdk1.7.0_25]#
Step 2：安装Tomcat
1: [root@DB-Server tmp]#tar zxvf apach-tomcat-6.0.16.tar.gz
2: 3: [root@DB-Server tmp]#mkdir /usr/local/tomcat
4: 5: [root@DB-Server tmp]# mv apache-tomcat-6.0.39 /usr/local/ tomcat
6: 7: 8: [root@DB-Server tomcat]# vi /etc/profile
9: 10: export TOMCAT_HOME=/usr/local/tomcat
11: 12: 13: [root@DB-Server tomcat]# source /etc/profile
14: [root@DB-Server tomcat]# echo $TOMCAT_HOME
15: /usr/local/tomcat
16: 17: 18: [root@DB-Server bin]# pwd
19: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/bin
20: [root@DB-Server bin]# ./startup.sh
21: Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
22: Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
23: Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/temp
24: Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25 25: Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/bin/bootstrap.jar
如果需要指定Tomcat在某个账号下运行或管理，则可以通过下面脚本：例如，我要创建一个tomcat的账号
1: [root@DB-Server ~]# groupadd tomcat
2: 3: [root@DB-Server ~]# useradd -g tomcat -d /home/tomcat -u 502 tomcat
4: 5: Creating mailbox file: File exists 6: 7: [root@DB-Server tomcat]# chown -Rf tomcat.tomcat /usr/local/tomcat/
8: 9: [root@DB-Server tomcat]#passwd tomcat
10: 11: Changing password for user tomcat.
12: 13: New UNIX password: 14: 15: Retype new UNIX password: 16: 17: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. 在浏览器里面输入http://localhost:8080/ （默认端口为8080,可以修改该端口号） 验证Tomcat是否安装成功，如果安装成功，则会看到Tomcat的index.jsp并证明Tomcat启动成功了
Tomcat配置
关于Tomcat的目录结构，可以参考下面简单的描述，
[root@DB-Server apache-tomcat-6.0.39]# ls
bin lib logs RELEASE-NOTES temp work
conf LICENSE NOTICE RUNNING.txt webapps
主目录下面有bin、lib等目录
bin 存放Tomcat启动、停止服务程序以及一些其他脚本程序
lib 存放Tomcat运行需要的jar包
log 存放Tomcat运行的相关日志文件
conf 存放Tomcat配置文件。例如server.xml 、 web.xml等
temp 存放Tomcat运行的临时文件。
webapps Web应用的发布目录，默认情况下把Web应用文件放于此目录。
work Tomcat的工作目录，默认情况下把编译JSP文件生成的servlet类文件放于此目录下
1：启动Tomcat服务
1: [root@DB-Server bin]# ./startup.sh
2: 3: Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
4: 5: Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
6: 7: Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/temp
8: 9: Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25 10: 11: Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/bin/bootstrap.jar
2：关闭Tomcat服务
1: [root@DB-Server bin]# ./shutdown.sh
2: 3: Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
4: 5: Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
6: 7: Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/temp
8: 9: Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25 10: 11: Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/bin/bootstrap.jar
12: 13: [root@DB-Server bin]#
3：查看Tomcat版本
有时候，如果当你接手去管理Tomcat, 可能你要了解一下Tomcat的版本信息，以及配置，那么怎么查看呢，去Tomcat的主目录下的bin目录下，执行version.sh,你就能查看到很多详细信息。
1: [root@DB-Server bin]# ./version.sh
2: 3: Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
4: 5: Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
6: 7: Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/temp
8: 9: Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.7.0_25 10: 11: Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/bin/bootstrap.jar
12: 13: Server version: Apache Tomcat/6.0.39 14: 15: Server built: Jan 27 2014 10:40:33 16: 17: Server number: 6.0.39.0 18: 19: OS Name: Linux 20: 21: OS Version: 2.6.18-274.el5 22: 23: Architecture: amd64 24: 25: JVM Version: 1.7.0_25-b15 26: 27: JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation 28: 4：设置管理密码
如果你要进入Tomcat的管理页面：http://localhost:8080/manager/html ，这时会弹出下面认证界面，需要你输入用户名和密码，如果你没有配置过或者你忘了用户名、密码，那么应该找那个配置文件呢？其实你都可以通过配置文件tomcat-users.xml 来解决
1: [root@DB-Server conf]# more tomcat-users.xml
2: 3: xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
4: 5: -- 6: 7: Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more 8: 9: contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with 10: 11: this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
12: 13: The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 14: 15: (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
16: 17: the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at 18: 19: http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 20: 21: Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
22: 23: distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
24: 25: WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. 26: 27: See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
28: 29: limitations under the License. 30: 31: > 32: 33: omcat-users> 34: 35: -- 36: 37: NOTE: By default, no user is included in the "manager-gui" role required
38: 39: to operate the "/manager/html" web application. If you wish to use this app,
40: 41: you must define such a user - the username and password are arbitrary. 42: 43: > 44: 45: -- 46: 47: NOTE: The sample user and role entries below are wrapped in a comment
48: 49: and thus are ignored when reading this file. Do not forget to remove 50: 51: <!.. ..> that surrounds them. 52: 53: > 54: 55: -- 56: 57: <role rolename="tomcat"/>
58: 59: <role rolename="role1"/>
60: 61: <user username="tomcat" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat"/>
62: 63: <user username="both" password="tomcat" roles="tomcat,role1"/>
64: 65: <user username="role1" password="tomcat" roles="role1"/>
66: 67: > 68: 69: tomcat-users> 70: 修改配置文件前，要养成首先备份一份配置文件的习惯，以防需要回滚到最初设置时，忘了自己修改过哪些配置。一般建议源文件+日期+bak
[root@DB-Server conf]# cp tomcat-users.xml tomcat-users.xml.20130308.bak
[root@DB-Server conf]# vi tomcat-users.xml
<role rolename="admin" />
<role rolename="manager" />
<user username="admin" password="Qwe!23" roles="admin,manager" />
修改了配置信息后，一般需要重新启动一下Tomcat才能生效，否则依然进入不了管理界面
![clipboard[1]](https://images0.cnblogs.com/blog/73542/201403/082331113317629.png "clipboard[1]")
Tomcat 7 下与Tomcat 6 稍有不同，如下所示：
<role rolename="admin-gui"/>
<role rolename="manager-gui"/>
<user username="admin" password="xxxx" roles="admin-gui , manager-gui "/>
5：修改Tomcat的默认端口
有时候由于特性情况，需要修改Tomcat的默认端口8080，例如端口号被其它应用程序占用了等，这时你需要修改server.xml，在里面
找到如下图所示地方，修改为port的值。注意：修改后需要重启Tomcat服务。
![clipboard[2]](https://images0.cnblogs.com/blog/73542/201403/082331145504813.png "clipboard[2]")
6：修改Tomcat使用的JDK
首先我们先安装JDK1.6，如下所示
1: [root@DB-Server tmp]# chmod +x jdk-6u31-linux-x64-rpm.bin
2: [root@DB-Server tmp]# ./jdk-6u31-linux-x64-rpm.bin
3: Unpacking... 4: Checksumming... 5: Extracting... 6: UnZipSFX 5.50 of 17 February 2002, by Info-ZIP (Zip-Bugs@lists.wku.edu). 7: inflating: jdk-6u31-linux-amd64.rpm 8: inflating: sun-javadb-common-10.6.2-1.1.i386.rpm 9: inflating: sun-javadb-core-10.6.2-1.1.i386.rpm 10: inflating: sun-javadb-client-10.6.2-1.1.i386.rpm 11: inflating: sun-javadb-demo-10.6.2-1.1.i386.rpm 12: inflating: sun-javadb-docs-10.6.2-1.1.i386.rpm 13: inflating: sun-javadb-javadoc-10.6.2-1.1.i386.rpm 14: Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
15: 1:jdk ########################################### [100%]
16: Unpacking JAR files... 17: rt.jar... 18: jsse.jar... 19: charsets.jar... 20: tools.jar... 21: localedata.jar... 22: plugin.jar... 23: javaws.jar... 24: deploy.jar... 25: Installing JavaDB 26: Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
27: 1:sun-javadb-common ########################################### [ 17%]
28: 2:sun-javadb-core ########################################### [ 33%]
29: 3:sun-javadb-client ########################################### [ 50%]
30: 4:sun-javadb-demo ########################################### [ 67%]
31: 5:sun-javadb-docs ########################################### [ 83%]
32: 6:sun-javadb-javadoc ########################################### [100%]
33: Java(TM) SE Development Kit 6 successfully installed. 34: Product Registration is FREE and includes many benefits: 35: * Notification of new versions, patches, and updates 36: * Special offers on Oracle products, services and training 37: * Access to early releases and documentation 38: Product and system data will be collected. If your configuration 39: supports a browser, the JDK Product Registration form will 40: be presented. If you do not register, none of this information 41: will be saved. You may also register your JDK later by 42: opening the register.html file (located in the JDK installation
43: directory) in a browser.
44: For more information on what data Registration collects and 45: how it is managed and used, see: 46: http://java.sun.com/javase/registration/JDKRegistrationPrivacy.html 47: Press Enter to continue.....
48: 49: Done. 修改catalina.sh，增加export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_31即可。如下所示，似乎不用重启，Tomcat使用的JDK就改为了jdk1.6
![clipboard[3]](https://images0.cnblogs.com/blog/73542/201403/082331193009494.png "clipboard[3]")
[root@DB-Server bin]# ./shutdown.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.6.0_31
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/bin/bootstrap.jar
[root@DB-Server bin]# ./startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
Using CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr/java/jdk1.6.0_31
Using CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/apache-tomcat-6.0.39/bin/bootstrap.jar
[root@DB-Server bin]#
![clipboard[4]](https://images0.cnblogs.com/blog/73542/201403/082331240505177.png "clipboard[4]")
另外，似乎网上也有文章介绍，在文件setclasspath.sh下加入export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_31 设置即可，那种比较合理，目前不得而知。
7：Tomcat端口被占用分析
有时候明明Tomcat配置OK，Tomcat服务启动正常，但是打开页面的时候出错。这时可能是Tomat端口被占用了，你可以查看一下那些程序占用了Tomcat的端口
[root@DB-Server bin]# netstat -an | grep 8080
[root@DB-Server bin]# netstat -apn | grep 8080
一般你也会在catalina.out日志里面找到”SEVERE: Error initializing endpoint java.net.BindException: Permission denied<null>:8080“之类的错误。
1: [root@DB-Server logs]$ more catalina.out 2: Mar 4, 2014 4:22:14 PM org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init 3: INFO: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library which allows optimal performance in production environments was not found on the ja
4: va.library.path: /usr/java/jdk1.6.0_31/jre/lib/amd64/server:/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_31/jre/lib/amd64:/usr/java/jdk1.6.0_31/jre/../lib/amd 5: 64:/usr/java/packages/lib/amd64:/usr/lib64:/lib64:/lib:/usr/lib 6: Mar 4, 2014 4:22:15 PM org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol init 7: SEVERE: Error initializing endpoint 8: java.net.BindException: Permission denied<null>:8080 9: at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint.init(JIoEndpoint.java:502) 10: at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol.init(Http11Protocol.java:176) 11: at org.apache.catalina.connector.Connector.initialize(Connector.java:1058) 12: at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.initialize(StandardService.java:677) 13: at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.initialize(StandardServer.java:795) 14: at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load(Catalina.java:530) 15: at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load(Catalina.java:550) 16: at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) 17: at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) 18: at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) 19: at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) 20: at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.load(Bootstrap.java:260) 21: at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:412) 22: Mar 4, 2014 4:22:15 PM org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load 23: SEVERE: Catalina.start 这时要么修改Tomcat的默认端口号，要么修改其它应用程序的端口号。
Tomcat卸载
Tomcat的卸载非常简单，只需要将Tomcat的CATALINA_BASE目录删除，然后删除一些环境变量即可。
[root@DB-Server ~]# rm -rf /usr/local/tomcat/
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