转自:https://www.cnblogs.com/wangzhilei-src/p/15314315.html
UDP是面向非连接的协议,它不与对方建立连接,而是直接把数据报发给对方。UDP无需建立类如三次握手的连接,使得通信效率很高。因此UDP适用于一次传输数据量很少、对可靠性要求不高的或对实时性要求高的应用场景
sendto
int sendto(int s, const void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags, const struct sockaddr *to, int tolen);
返回值:
成功则返回实际传送出去的字符数,失败返回-1,错误原因会存于errno 中。
参数说明:
s: socket描述符;
buf: UDP数据报缓存区(包含待发送数据);
len: UDP数据报的长度;
flags:调用方式标志位(一般设置为0);
to: 指向接收数据的主机地址信息的结构体(sockaddr_in需类型转换);
tolen:to所指结构体的长度;
recvfrom()
int recvfrom(int s, void *buf, int len, unsigned int flags,struct sockaddr *from, int *fromlen);
返回值:
成功则返回实际接收到的字符数,失败返回-1,错误原因会存于errno 中。
参数:
s: socket描述符;
buf: UDP数据报缓存区(包含所接收的数据);
len: 缓冲区长度。
flags: 调用操作方式(一般设置为0)。
from: 指向发送数据的客户端地址信息的结构体(sockaddr_in需类型转换);
fromlen:指针,指向from结构体长度值
UDP点对点
udp_server.c#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/types.h>const int SERV_PORT=6000;
const int MAXLINE=2048;void dg_echo(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *pcliaddr,socklen_t clilen)
{int n;socklen_t len;char mesg[MAXLINE];for (;;){len=clilen;if ((n=recvfrom(sockfd,mesg,MAXLINE,0,pcliaddr,&len))<0){perror("recvfrom error");exit(1);}fputs(mesg, stdout);if((n=sendto(sockfd,mesg,n,0,pcliaddr,len))<0){perror("sendto error");exit(1);}}}
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{int sockfd;struct sockaddr_in servaddr,cliaddr;bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;servaddr.sin_port =htons(SERV_PORT);if ((sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0))<0){printf("SOCKET ERROR");exit(1);}if (bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&servaddr,sizeof(servaddr))){perror("bind error");exit(1);}dg_echo(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cliaddr,sizeof(cliaddr));
}
udp_client.c#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>const int SERV_PORT = 6000;const int MAXLINE = 2048;void dg_cli(FILE *fp, int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *pservaddr, socklen_t servlen)
{int n;char sendline[MAXLINE], recvline[MAXLINE + 1];while (fgets(sendline, MAXLINE, fp) != NULL){if (sendto(sockfd, sendline, strlen(sendline), 0, pservaddr, servlen) < 0){perror("sendto error");exit(1);}if ((n = recvfrom(sockfd, recvline, MAXLINE, 0, NULL, NULL)) < 0){perror("recvfrom error");exit(1);}recvline[n] = '\0';fputs(recvline, stdout);}
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{int sockfd;struct sockaddr_in servaddr;if (argc != 2){perror("usage:tcpcli");exit(1);}//1.创建套接字if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) == -1){perror("socket error");exit(1);}//2.设置链接服务器地址结体bzero(&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;servaddr.sin_port = htons(SERV_PORT);if ((inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &servaddr.sin_addr)) <= 0){printf("inet_pton error for %s\n", argv[1]);exit(1);}if ((sockfd == socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0){perror("socket error");}dg_cli(stdin, sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr));exit(0);
}
UDP广播数据包
路由器不转发广播数据包
交换机转发广播数据包
广播只能在一个广播域(局域网)中传播,而不能跨网段传播
arp协议
- MAC:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
- IP:10.0.0.0/8-->10.255.255.255 广播地址
192.168.199.1/24-->192.168.199.255 广播地址
192.168.0.1/30-->192.168.0.3(广播地址)(192.168.0.0回环地址)
UDP广播递送规则
- 如果未设置BLOADCASE选项不递送
- 如果bind端口不匹配不递送该套接口
- 必须bind一个广播地址或绑定INADDR_ANY
- 如果udp调用了connect那么源地址和源端口不匹配也不递送,否则递送
- ifconfig可disable网卡的BROADCAST标志,让其不能接受以太网广播
- ioctl的SIOCSIFFLAGS方法去掉接口的标志IFF_BROADCAST,使之不能接受以太网广播。
recv.c#include "../config.h"int main(int argc,char **argv)
{struct sockaddr_in s_addr;struct sockaddr_in c_addr;int sock;socklen_t addr_len;int len;char buff[128];if ((sock=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0))==-1){perror("socket");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}else{printf("create socket.\n\r");}bzero(&s_addr,sizeof(s_addr));s_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;s_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;s_addr.sin_port=htons(PORT);if (bind(sock,(struct sockaddr *)&s_addr,sizeof(s_addr))){perror("bind err");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}elseprintf("bind address to socket.\n\t");addr_len=sizeof(c_addr);while (1){len=recvfrom(sock,buff,sizeof(buff)-1,0,(struct sockaddr *) &c_addr,&addr_len);if (len<0){perror("recvfrom");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}buff[len]='\0';printf("recive come from %s:%d message:%s\n\r",inet_ntoa(c_addr.sin_addr),ntohs(c_addr.sin_port),buff);return 0;}
}
send.c#include "../config.h"int main(int argc,char **argv)
{struct sockaddr_in s_addr;int sock;int addr_len;int len;char buff[128];int yes;if ((sock=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM,0))==-1){perror("socket");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}elseprintf("create socket.\n\r");//开启广播yes=1;setsockopt(sock,SOL_SOCKET,SO_BROADCAST,&yes,sizeof(yes));s_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;s_addr.sin_port=htons(PORT);if (argv[1])s_addr.sin_addr.s_addr=inet_addr(argv[1]); //广播地址:xxx.xxx.xxx.255/24else{printf("input server ip\n");exit(0);}addr_len=sizeof(s_addr);strcpy(buff,"hello message");len=sendto(sock,buff,strlen(buff),0,(struct sockaddr *) &s_addr,addr_len);if (len<0){printf("\n\rsend error. \n\r");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}printf("send success\n\r");return 0;
}
./send 192.168.146.255create socket.send success
- 抓包
UDP组播数据包
视频会议项目
1.能够在组播组中进行传播,并且
路由器
可以进行组播数据转发
2.组播(多播)使用D类地址,首位前4位1110,认为是多播地址,其它28位是多播的组编号
3.224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255范围 224.0.0.0~224.0.0.255不需要路由控制
4.所有主机和终端机必须属于224.0.0.1的组
5.所有路由器必须属于224.0.0.2的组
IGMP等协议支持
- struct hostent
记录主机的信息,包括主机名、别名、地址类型、地址长度和地址列表
struct hostent
{char *h_name; //主机名,即域名char **h_aliases; //主机所有别名构成的字符串数组,同一IP可绑定多个域名int h_addrtype; //主机IP地址的类型,IPv4,IPv6int h_length; //主机IP地址长度,IPv4地址为4,IPv6地址为16char **h_addr_list; //主机ip地址,以网络字节序存储
}
- gethostbyname()
gethostbyname
函数可以利用字符串格式的域名
或字符串点分十进制ip,获得IP地址,并且将地址信息装入hostent
域名结构体
#include <netdb.h>
struct hostent * gethostbyname(const char * hostname);
返回值
成功返回hostent
结构体地址
失败返回NULL
指针
- gethostbyaddr()
使用IP地址获取域名
#include <netdb.h>
struct hostent * gethostbyaddr(const char * addr,socklen_t len,int family);
参数
addr:含有IP地址信息的in_addr结构体指针
len:向第一个参数传递的地址信息的字节数。ipv4为4,ipv6为16
family:传递地址族信息,ipv4为AF_INET,ipv6为AF_INET6
返回值
成功返回hostent
结构体地址
失败返回NULL
指针
- struct ip_mreq
struct ip_mreq
{struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; //多播组的IP地址struct in_addr imr_interface; //加入的客户端主机IP地址
}
group_brodcast_recv.c#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>const int MAX_LINE = 2048;
const int PORT = 8888;
const int BACKLOG = 10;
const int LISTENQ = 6666;
const int MAX_CONNECT = 20;#define BUFLEN 255int main(int argc, char **argv)
{struct sockaddr_in peeraddr;struct in_addr ia;int sockfd;char recmsg[BUFLEN + 1];unsigned int socklen, n;struct hostent *group;struct ip_mreq mreq;sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);if (sockfd < 0){printf("socket creating err in udptalk\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}bzero(&mreq, sizeof(struct ip_mreq));if (argv[1]){ //传入命令行参数1(主机域名或点分十进制字符串IP)组播地址if ((group = gethostbyname(argv[1])) == (struct hostent *)0)// if((group=gethostbyaddr(argv[1],sizeof(argv[1]),AF_INET))==(struct hostent *)0){perror("gethostbyname");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}}else{printf("you should give me a group address,224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}//组播地址写入组播组bcopy((void *)group->h_addr, (void *)&ia, group->h_length);bcopy(&ia, &mreq.imr_multiaddr.s_addr, sizeof(struct in_addr));//命令行参数2(当前IP地址),写入组播组客户端IP地址列表中if (argv[2]){if (inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[2], &mreq.imr_interface.s_addr) <= 0){printf("Wrong dest IP address!\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}}//设置组播if (setsockopt(sockfd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &mreq, sizeof(struct ip_mreq)) == -1){perror("setsockopt");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}//绑定组播地址和端口,接收组播信息socklen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);bzero(&peeraddr, socklen);peeraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;peeraddr.sin_port = htons(PORT);if (argv[1]){if (inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &peeraddr.sin_addr) <= 0){printf("Wrong dest IP address!\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}}else{printf("you should give me a group address,224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}if (bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&peeraddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)) == -1){printf("Bind error\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}for (;;){bzero(recmsg, BUFLEN + 1);n = recvfrom(sockfd, recmsg, BUFLEN, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&peeraddr, &socklen);if (n < 0){printf("recvfrom err in udptalk\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}else{recmsg[n]=0;printf("perr:%s",recmsg);}}
}
group_brodcast_send.c#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>const int MAX_LINE = 2048;
const int PORT = 8888;
const int BACKLOG = 10;
const int LISTENQ = 6666;
const int MAX_CONNECT = 20;#define BUFLEN 255int main(int argc, char **argv)
{struct sockaddr_in peeraddr,myaddr;int sockfd;char recmsg[BUFLEN + 1];unsigned int socklen;sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);if (sockfd < 0){printf("socket creating err in udptalk\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}//组播socklen=sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);bzero(&peeraddr,socklen);peeraddr.sin_family=AF_INET;peeraddr.sin_port=htons(PORT);//组播客户端绑定的端口//命令行参数1为组播地址if (argv[1]){if (inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1], &peeraddr.sin_addr) <= 0){printf("Wrong dest IP address!\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}}else{printf("you should give me a group address,224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}//绑定本机IP和端口bzero(&myaddr,socklen);myaddr.sin_family=AF_INET;myaddr.sin_port=htons(23456);//命令行参数2为本机IPif (argv[2]){if (inet_pton(AF_INET,argv[2],&myaddr.sin_addr)<=0){printf("self ip address error\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}}elsemyaddr.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY;if (bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&myaddr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))==-1){printf("Bind error\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}for(;;){bzero(recmsg,BUFLEN+1);printf("input message to send:");if (fgets(recmsg,BUFLEN,stdin)==(char *)EOF){exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}//发送组播消息if (sendto(sockfd,recmsg,strlen(recmsg),0,(struct sockaddr *)&peeraddr,sizeof(struct sockaddr_in))<0){printf("sendto error\n");exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}printf("send message:%s",recmsg);}
}
- 接收端
- 发送端
- 抓包