Oracle数据备份与恢复
- 一、通过RMAN方式备份
- 二、使用emp/imp和expdb/impdb工具进行备份和恢复
- 三、使用Data guard进行备份与恢复
一、通过RMAN方式备份
通过 RMAN(Oracle 数据库备份和恢复管理器)方式备份 Oracle 数据库,可以使用以下步骤:
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启动归档模式
查看是否为存档模式:SQL> archive log list; Database log mode No Archive Mode Automatic archival Disabled Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST Oldest online log sequence 11 Current log sequence 13 SQL>
关闭数据库,并启动归档模式
SQL> shutdown; Database closed. Database dismounted. ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup mount; ORACLE instance started.Total System Global Area 1286066176 bytes Fixed Size 2213016 bytes Variable Size 352324456 bytes Database Buffers 922746880 bytes Redo Buffers 8781824 bytes Database mounted. SQL> alter database archivelog;Database altered.SQL>
打开数据库,并查看是否修改成功
SQL> archive log list; Database log mode Archive Mode Automatic archival Enabled Archive destination USE_DB_RECOVERY_FILE_DEST Oldest online log sequence 11 Next log sequence to archive 13 Current log sequence 13 SQL>
如果想在归档模式下进行备份,只能把数据库启动到mount状态下才可以进行
但在生产环境中,一般情况下数据库是不能随意进行关闭的,所以一般在安装好数据库之后直接就开启归档模式,更改归档需要在mount模式下
- 打开 RMAN 命令行界面:
[oracle@localhost ~]$ rman target /Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Nov 3 17:58:54 2023Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.connected to target database: ORCL (DBID=1679473799)RMAN>
- 开始备份
(1) 使用backup database;
对数据库直接备份
RMAN> backup database;Starting backup at 03-NOV-23
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=192 device type=DISK
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 03-NOV-23
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 03-NOV-23
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20231103T194131_ln9q3d1w_.bkp tag=TAG20231103T194131 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:15
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
including current control file in backup set
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 03-NOV-23
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 03-NOV-23
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20231103T194131_ln9q3wok_.bkp tag=TAG20231103T194131 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 03-NOV-23RMAN>
进入相关目录查看备份结果
[oracle@localhost ~]$ cd /u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/
[oracle@localhost 2023_11_03]$ ll
total 1016728
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 9830400 Nov 3 18:09 o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20231103T180906_ln9kp3ff_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 9830400 Nov 3 19:25 o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20231103T192501_ln9p4gqt_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 9830400 Nov 3 19:41 o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20231103T194131_ln9q3wok_.bkp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 1011638272 Nov 3 19:41 o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20231103T194131_ln9q3d1w_.bkp
[oracle@localhost 2023_11_03]$
rman不但可以备份,也可以使用其进行管理,示例如下:
(2)使用backup tablespace USERS;
对表空间的备份和恢复
RMAN> backup tablespace USERS;Starting backup at 03-NOV-23
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00004 name=/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 03-NOV-23
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 03-NOV-23
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20231103T223829_lnb1h5d1_.bkp tag=TAG20231103T223829 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 03-NOV-23RMAN>
若表空间已损毁恢复,需要恢复表空间可以先使用restore tablespace USERS;
再使用recover tablespace USERS;
(3)使用backup archivelog all;
对归档日志进行备份
RMAN> backup archivelog all;Starting backup at 07-NOV-23
current log archived
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting archived log backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying archived log(s) in backup set
input archived log thread=1 sequence=13 RECID=1 STAMP=1152203517
input archived log thread=1 sequence=14 RECID=2 STAMP=1152231422
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 07-NOV-23
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 07-NOV-23
piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_07/o1_mf_annnn_TAG20231107T001702_lnl4cy94_.bkp tag=TAG20231107T001702 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
Finished backup at 07-NOV-23
使用 CROSSCHECK BACKUP
命令验证备份的完整性。RMAN 将检查备份文件的状态,并将其标记为“EXPIRED”(过期)或“AVAILABLE”(可用)。
示例如下:
RMAN> crosscheck backup;using channel ORA_DISK_1
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20231103T180906_ln9kp3ff_.bkp RECID=1 STAMP=1151950147
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20231103T192501_ln9p4gqt_.bkp RECID=2 STAMP=1151954702
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20231103T194131_ln9q3d1w_.bkp RECID=3 STAMP=1151955692
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20231103T194131_ln9q3wok_.bkp RECID=4 STAMP=1151955708
crosschecked backup piece: found to be 'AVAILABLE'
backup piece handle=/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/2023_11_03/o1_mf_nnndf_TAG20231103T223829_lnb1h5d1_.bkp RECID=5 STAMP=1151966309
Crosschecked 5 objectsRMAN>
二、使用emp/imp和expdb/impdb工具进行备份和恢复
emp/imp是Oracle传统的备份和恢复工具,它们使用二进制格式将数据导出和导入。
expdb/impdb是Oracle 10g及以上版本引入的新工具,它们使用XML格式将数据导出和导入。
下面我们将详细讲解如何使用这些工具进行备份和恢复。
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使用emp/imp进行备份和恢复
emp和imp命令用于将Oracle数据库中的数据导出到一个文件中,以便进行备份或迁移。它们可以将整个数据库或单个表导出到一个文件中,然后再将文件导入到另一个数据库中。
备份数据:
exp userid=username/password file=d:\backup\emp_backup.dmp full=y
上述命令将整个数据库导出到d:\backup\emp_backup.dmp文件中。
恢复数据:
imp userid=username/password file=d:\backup\emp_backup.dmp full=y
上述命令将d:\backup\emp_backup.dmp文件中的数据导入到数据库中。
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使用expdb/impdb进行备份和恢复
expdb和impdb命令是Oracle 10g及以上版本引入的新工具,它们使用XML格式将数据导出和导入。它们的使用方法与emp/imp相似。
备份数据:
expdp userid=username/password directory=backup_dir dumpfile=expdb_backup.dmp full=y
上述命令将整个数据库导出到backup_dir目录下的expdb_backup.dmp文件中。
恢复数据:
impdp userid=username/password directory=backup_dir dumpfile=expdb_backup.dmp full=y
上述命令将backup_dir目录下的expdb_backup.dmp文件中的数据导入到数据库中。
三、使用Data guard进行备份与恢复
Oracle Data Guard是Oracle数据库提供的一种高可用性解决方案,它可以实现数据备份和恢复的功能。它通过将主数据库的数据实时复制到一个或多个备用数据库,以提供数据冗余和灾难恢复能力。
下面是使用Data Guard进行备份和恢复的详细讲解:
- 配置Data Guard
首先,需要在主数据库和备用数据库上配置Data Guard。在主数据库上进行以下操作:
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启用归档模式:
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
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配置日志传输服务:
ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=standby_db ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=standby_db';
在备用数据库上进行以下操作:
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启用归档模式:
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG;
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配置日志应用服务:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE USING CURRENT LOGFILE DISCONNECT;
- 启动Data Guard
在主数据库上启动Data Guard:
- 启动日志传输服务:
ALTER SYSTEM SET LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE;
在备用数据库上启动Data Guard:
- 启动日志应用服务:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT;
- 数据备份和恢复
在Data Guard配置完成后,主数据库上的数据将实时复制到备用数据库。如果主数据库发生故障,可以使用备用数据库进行数据恢复。
备份数据:
- 在备用数据库上创建备份:
RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE;
恢复数据:
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在备用数据库上进行故障切换:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;
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将备用数据库切换为主数据库:
ALTER DATABASE ACTIVATE STANDBY DATABASE;
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在新的备用数据库上进行数据恢复:
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT;