文章目录
- 前言
- 一、新建项目
- 二、新建app
- 三、设计表结构
- 四、新建数据库
- 五、新建静态文件
- 六、部门管理
- 1.部门展示
- 2.部门添加
- 3.部门删除
- 4.部门编辑
- 七、模板继承
- 八、用户管理
- 1.辨析三种方法
- 方法一：原始方法
- 方法二：Form组件(简便)
- 方法三：ModelForm组件(最简便)
- 2.用户添加(ModelForm)
- 3.数据校验错误提示
- 3.编辑用户
- 4.删除用户
前言
前一篇博客介绍了Django的一些基本操作，本篇博客将结合部门用户管理案例介绍更多的操作，包括表结构的级联、约束，重定向，模板继承，ModelForm各种操作，校验错误提示等等。
一、新建项目
- 新建
- 删除不需要的部分
二、新建app
- 新建：
python manage.py startapp app01 - 如果打开了
Run manage...窗口，则只需要输入后半部分：startapp app01
- 注册app
三、设计表结构
- 理清关系
- 代码：注意表结构的级联和约束
from django.db import modelsclass Department(models.Model):""" 部门表 """title = models.CharField(verbose_name='标题', max_length=32)class UserInfo(models.Model):""" 员工表 """name = models.CharField(verbose_name="姓名", max_length=16)password = models.CharField(verbose_name="密码", max_length=64)age = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄")account = models.DecimalField(verbose_name="账户余额", max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, default=0)create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="入职时间")# 无约束# depart_id = models.BigIntegerField(verbose_name="部门ID")# 1.有约束# - to，与那张表关联# - to_field，表中的那一列关联# 2.django自动# - 写的depart# - 生成数据列 depart_id# 3.部门表被删除# ### 3.1 级联删除depart = models.ForeignKey(to="Department", to_field="id", on_delete=models.CASCADE)# ### 3.2 置空# depart = models.ForeignKey(to="Department", to_field="id", null=True, blank=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL)# 在django中做的约束gender_choices = ((1, "男"),(2, "女"),)gender = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name="性别", choices=gender_choices)
四、新建数据库
- MySQL生成数据库
create database gx_day16 DEFAULT CHARSET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
- 修改配置文件，连接MySQL
DATABASES = {'default': {'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql','NAME': 'gx_day16', # 数据库名字'USER': 'root','PASSWORD': 'root123','HOST': '127.0.0.1', # 那台机器安装了MySQL'PORT': 3306,}
}
- django命令生成数据库表
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
- 如果打开了
Run manage...窗口则只需要输入后一部分
- 验证表结构创建成功
五、新建静态文件
- static目录
六、部门管理
1.部门展示
- url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),path('depart/list/', views.depart_list),
]
- view
from turtle import title
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from qpp01.models import Department,UserInfo# Create your views here.
def depart_list(request):"""部门列表"""depart_list = Department.objects.all()return render(request, "depart_list.html", {"depart_list": depart_list})
- depart_list.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Document</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/bootstrap-3.4.1/css/bootstrap.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.css"><style>.navbar {border-radius: 0;}</style>
</head><body><!-- 导航条, https://v3.bootcss.com/components/#navbar --><nav class="navbar navbar-default"><div class="container"><!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display --><div class="navbar-header"><button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse"data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button><a class="navbar-brand" href="#">员工管理系统</a></div><!-- Collect the nav links, forms, and other content for toggling --><div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li><a href="#">部门管理</a></li><li><a href="#">部门管理</a></li></ul><ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"><li><a href="#">注册</a></li><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true"aria-expanded="false">poker <span class="caret"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="#">Action</a></li><li><a href="#">Another action</a></li><li><a href="#">Something else here</a></li><li role="separator" class="divider"></li><li><a href="#">Separated link</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><!-- /.navbar-collapse --></div><!-- /.container-fluid --></nav><!-- 新建区域 --><div><div class="container"><div style="margin-bottom: 10px"><a class="btn btn-primary" href="/depart/add/" target="_blank">新建部门</a></div><div><div class="panel panel-default"><!-- Default panel contents --><div class="panel-heading"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-th-list" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-right: 5px;"></span><span>部门列表</span></div><!-- Table --><table class="table table-bordered"><thead><tr><th>ID</th><th>名称</th><th>操作</th></tr></thead><tbody>{% for obj in depart_list %}<tr><th>{{ obj.id }}</th><td>{{ obj.title }}</td> <td><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs">编辑</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-danger btn-xs">删除</button></td></tr>{% endfor %}</tbody></table></div></div></div></div><script src="/static/js/jquery-3.6.1.min.js"></script><script src="/static/plugins/bootstrap-3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
</body></html>
- 效果
2.部门添加
- url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),path('depart/list/', views.depart_list),path('depart/add/', views.depart_add),
]
- views
def depart_add(request):"""部门添加"""if request.method == "GET":return render(request, "depart_add.html")# 获取用户提交的部门数据depart_title = request.POST.get("depart_title")# 保存到数据库Department.objects.create(title=depart_title)return redirect("/depart/list/")
- depart_list.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Document</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/bootstrap-3.4.1/css/bootstrap.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.css"><style>.navbar {border-radius: 0;}</style></head><body><div><!-- 导航条, https://v3.bootcss.com/components/#navbar --><nav class="navbar navbar-default"><div class="container"><!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display --><div class="navbar-header"><button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse"data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button><a class="navbar-brand" href="#">员工管理系统</a></div><!-- Collect the nav links, forms, and other content for toggling --><div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li><a href="#">部门管理</a></li><li><a href="#">部门管理</a></li></ul><ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"><li><a href="#">注册</a></li><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button"aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">poker <span class="caret"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="#">Action</a></li><li><a href="#">Another action</a></li><li><a href="#">Something else here</a></li><li role="separator" class="divider"></li><li><a href="#">Separated link</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><!-- /.navbar-collapse --></div><!-- /.container-fluid --></nav></div><div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-title">新建部门</h3></div><div class="panel-body"><form action="/depart/add/" method="post">{% csrf_token %}<div class="form-group"><label>部门名称</label><input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="部门名称" name="depart_title"></div><button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">保存</button></form></div></div></div>
</body>
</html>
- 效果
3.部门删除
- url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),path('depart/list/', views.depart_list),path('depart/add/', views.depart_add),path('depart/delete/', views.depart_delete),
]
- views(注意redirect重定向)
def depart_delete(request):"""部门删除"""nid = request.GET.get('nid')Department.objects.filter(id=nid).delete()# 重定向回部门列表return redirect("/depart/list/")
- depart_list.html
<tbody>{% for obj in depart_list %}<tr><th>{{ obj.id }}</th><td>{{ obj.title }}</td> <td><a class="btn btn-primary btn-xs">编辑</a><a class="btn btn-danger btn-xs" href="/depart/delete/?nid={{ obj.id }}">删除</a></td></tr>{% endfor %}
</tbody>
4.部门编辑
- url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),path('depart/list/', views.depart_list),path('depart/add/', views.depart_add),path('depart/delete/', views.depart_delete),path('depart/<int:nid>/edit/', views.depart_edit),
]
- views
def depart_edit(request, nid):"""部门编辑"""if request.method == "GET":# 根据nid,获取数据row_object = Department.objects.filter(id=nid).first()return render(request, 'depart_edit.html', {"row_object": row_object})# 如果是POST请求,保存修改depart_title = request.POST.get('depart_title')Department.objects.filter(id=nid).update(title=depart_title)# 重定向回部门列表return redirect('/depart/list/')
- depart_edit.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Document</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/bootstrap-3.4.1/css/bootstrap.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/plugins/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.css"><style>.navbar {border-radius: 0;}</style></head><body><div><!-- 导航条, https://v3.bootcss.com/components/#navbar --><nav class="navbar navbar-default"><div class="container"><!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display --><div class="navbar-header"><button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse"data-target="#bs-example-navbar-collapse-1" aria-expanded="false"><span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button><a class="navbar-brand" href="#">员工管理系统</a></div><!-- Collect the nav links, forms, and other content for toggling --><div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="bs-example-navbar-collapse-1"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li><a href="#">部门管理</a></li><li><a href="#">部门管理</a></li></ul><ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"><li><a href="#">注册</a></li><li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button"aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">poker <span class="caret"></span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="#">Action</a></li><li><a href="#">Another action</a></li><li><a href="#">Something else here</a></li><li role="separator" class="divider"></li><li><a href="#">Separated link</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><!-- /.navbar-collapse --></div><!-- /.container-fluid --></nav></div><div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-title">编辑部门</h3></div><div class="panel-body"><form action="/depart/{{ row_object.id }}/edit/" method="post">{% csrf_token %}<div class="form-group"><label>部门名称</label><input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="部门名称" name="depart_title" value="{{ row_object.title }}"></div><button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">保存</button></form></div></div></div>
</body>
</html>
- 修改depart_list.html
<tbody>{% for obj in depart_list %}<tr><th>{{ obj.id }}</th><td>{{ obj.title }}</td> <td><a class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" href="/depart/{{ obj.id }}/edit/">编辑</a><a class="btn btn-danger btn-xs" href="/depart/delete/?nid={{ obj.id }}">删除</a></td></tr>{% endfor %}
</tbody>
- 效果
七、模板继承
- 定义目版：
layout.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head><meta charset="UTF-8"><title>Title</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'plugin...min.css' %}">{% block css %}{% endblock %}
</head>
<body><h1>标题</h1><div>{% block content %}{% endblock %}</div><h1>底部</h1><script src="{% static 'js/jquery-3.6.0.min.js' %}"></script>{% block js %}{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
- 继承母版
{% extends 'layout.html' %}{% block css %}<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'pluxxx.css' %}"><style>...</style>
{% endblock %}{% block content %}<h1>首页</h1>
{% endblock %}{% block js %}<script src="{% static 'js/jqxxxin.js' %}"></script>
{% endblock %}
八、用户管理
Django组件:
Form组件(简便)
ModelForm组件(最简便)
1.辨析三种方法
方法一：原始方法
- url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),path('depart/list/', views.depart_list),path('depart/add/', views.depart_add),path('depart/delete/', views.depart_delete),path('depart/<int:nid>/edit/', views.depart_edit),path('user/list/', views.user_list),
]
- views
def user_list(request):# 获取所有用户列表user_data = UserInfo.objects.all()# 用 python 的语法获取数据"""for obj in user_data:# obj.get_gender_display() 表示匹配 男/女,原始字段名为gender,obj.get_字段名称_display()# obj.create_time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") 表示将时间格式转换成固定格式的字符串# obj.depart.title 表示获取depart_id对应的部门名称,因为我们在models中定义表时与另外一张表设置了级联关系,有外键print(obj.id, obj.name, obj.password, obj.age, obj.account, obj.get_gender_display(), obj.depart.title, obj.create_time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))"""return render(request, "user_list.html", {"user_data": user_data})
- user_list.html
- 注意: HTML 中获取数据的方式与 Python 中有些不同,例如:
- HTML中引入函数不能带括号, obj.get_gender_display()
- 日期类型转字符串有Django自己的格式, obj.create_time|date:“Y-m-d”
{% extends 'layout.html' %}{% block content %}
<div class="container"><div style="margin-bottom: 10px"><a class="btn btn-primary" href="/depart/add/" target="_blank">新建用户</a></div><div><div class="panel panel-default"><!-- Default panel contents --><div class="panel-heading"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-th-list" aria-hidden="true" style="margin-right: 5px;"></span><span>用户列表</span></div><!-- Table --><table class="table table-bordered"><thead><tr><th>ID</th><th>姓名</th><th>密码</th><th>年龄</th><th>性别</th><th>账户余额</th><th>入职时间</th><th>部门</th><th>操作</th></tr></thead><tbody>{% for obj in user_data %}<tr><th>{{ obj.id }}</th><td>{{ obj.name }}</td><td>{{ obj.password }}</td><td>{{ obj.age }}</td><td>{{ obj.get_gender_display }}</td><td>{{ obj.account }}</td><td>{{ obj.create_time|date:"Y-m-d" }}</td><td>{{ obj.depart.title }}</td><td><a class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" href="/user/{{ obj.id }}/edit/">编辑</a><a class="btn btn-danger btn-xs" href="/user/delete/?nid={{ obj.id }}">删除</a></td></tr>{% endfor %}</tbody></table></div></div>
</div>{% endblock %}
- 不足：
- 数据校验较麻烦
- 页面没有错误提示
- 页面上每一个字段都需要重新写一遍
- 关联的数据,需要手动获取并循环展示在页面
方法二：Form组件(简便)
- url
class MyForm(Form):user = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Input)pwd = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Input)email = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Input)def user_add(request):if request.method == "GET":form = MyForm()return render(request, "user_add.html", {"form": form})
- user_add.html
<form method="post">{{ form.user }}{{ form.pwd }}{{ form.email }}
</form>或者<form method="post">{% for field in form %}{{ field }}{% endfor %}
</form>
方法三：ModelForm组件(最简便)
- models.py
from django.db import models# Create your models here.
class Department(models.Model):"""部门表"""title = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name='标题')class UserInfo(models.Model):"""员工表"""name = models.CharField(max_length=16, verbose_name="姓名")password = models.CharField(max_length=64, verbose_name="密码")age = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄")account = models.DecimalField(verbose_name="账户余额", max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, default=0)create_time = models.DateTimeField(verbose_name="入职时间")depart = models.ForeignKey(to="Department", to_field="id", on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name="部门")gender_choices = ((1, "男"),(2, "女"),)gender = models.SmallIntegerField(choices=gender_choices,verbose_name="性别")
- views
class MyForm(ModelForm):class Meta:field = ["name", "password", "age"]def user_add(request):if request.method == "GET":form = MyForm()return render(request, "user_add.html", {"form": form})
- user_add.html
<form method="post">{{ form.user }}{{ form.pwd }}{{ form.email }}
</form>或者<form method="post">{% for field in form %}{{ field }}{% endfor %}
</form>
2.用户添加(ModelForm)
- url
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [path('admin/', admin.site.urls),path('depart/list/', views.depart_list),path('depart/add/', views.depart_add),path('depart/delete/', views.depart_delete),path('depart/<int:nid>/edit/', views.depart_edit),path('user/list/', views.user_list),path('user/model/form/add/', views.user_model_form_add),
]
- views
########################## ModelForm 演示 #############################from django import formsclass UserModelForm(forms.ModelForm):### 自定义数据校验# 例如: 用户名最小三个字符#name = forms.CharField(min_length=3, label="用户名")class Meta:model = UserInfofields = ["name", "password", "age", "account", "create_time", "gender", "depart"]# 逐一控制标签的样式# widgets = {# "name": forms.TextInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"}),# "password": forms.PasswordInput(attrs={"class": "form-control"}),# }# 这里让日期可以手动点击鼠标选择,所以单独拎出来,加上日期插件widgets = {"create_time": forms.DateTimeInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control', 'id': 'myDate'}),}# 循环找到所有的插件,添加 "class": "form-control"def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)for name, field in self.fields.items():# 可以排除指定的字段if name == "create_time":continueprint(name, field)field.widget.attrs = {"class": "form-control"}def user_model_form_add(request):"""添加用户(ModelForm版本)"""if request.method == "GET": form = UserModelForm()return render(request, "user_model_form_add.html", {"form": form})# 用户POST请求提交数据,需要进行数据校验form = UserModelForm(data=request.POST)if form.is_valid():print(form.cleaned_data)# 直接保存至数据库form.save()return redirect("/user/list/")# 校验失败(在页面上显示错误信息)return render(request, "user_model_form_add.html", {"form": form})
- user_model_form_add.html
{% extends 'layout.html' %}{% block content %}
<div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-title">添加用户</h3></div><div class="panel-body"><form action="/user/model/form/add/" method="post" novalidate>{% csrf_token %}{% for field in form %}<div class="form-group"><label>{{ field.label }}: </label>{{ field }}<!-- 数据校验,显示错误信息 --><span style="color: red;">{{ field.errors.0 }}</span></div>{% endfor %}<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">保存</button></form></div></div>
</div>{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
- 修改models.py：目的是让自动生成的部门字段不显示"对象"本身,显示对象对应的"title"
class Department(models.Model):"""部门表"""title = models.CharField(max_length=32, verbose_name='标题')def __str__(self):return self.title
3.数据校验错误提示
-
user_model_form_add.html加入{{ field.errors.0 }}字段
-
修改settings.py：改为中文,目的是为了让页面提示错误信息时显示中文,否则会显示英文
#LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
- 效果
3.编辑用户
- url
path('user/<int:nid>/edit/', views.user_edit),
- views
def user_edit(request, nid):"""编辑用户"""row_obj = UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).first()# GET请求if request.method == "GET":form = UserModelForm(instance=row_obj)return render(request, "user_edit.html", {"form": form})# POST请求form = UserModelForm(data=request.POST, instance=row_obj)if form.is_valid():form.save()return redirect("/user/list/")return render(request, "user_edit.html", {"form": form})
- user_edit.html
{% extends 'layout.html' %}{% block content %}<div class="container"><div class="panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading"><h3 class="panel-title">编辑用户</h3></div><div class="panel-body"><form method="post" novalidate>{% csrf_token %}{% for field in form %}<div class="form-group"><label>{{ field.label }}: </label>{{ field }}<!-- 数据校验,显示错误信息 --><span style="color: red;">{{ field.errors.0 }}</span></div>{% endfor %}<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">保存</button></form></div></div>
</div>
{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
-
只显示年月日就可以了,不应该显示时分秒，修改数据库models
-
效果：点击编辑
4.删除用户
- url
path('user/<int:nid>/delete/', views.user_delete),
- views
def user_delete(request, nid):"""用户删除"""UserInfo.objects.filter(id=nid).delete()return redirect("/user/list/")
- user_list.html
<td><a class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" href="/user/{{ obj.id }}/edit/">编辑</a><a class="btn btn-danger btn-xs" href="/user/{{ obj.id }}/delete/">删除</a>
</td>
