【六】【SQL】多表查询，笛卡尔积

笛卡尔积

笛卡尔积发生在当你在查询中将两个或多个表进行交叉连接（CROSS JOIN）或者没有指定任何连接条件时。假设第一个表有M行，第二个表有N行，那么结果集将包含M x N个记录。在大多数情况下，笛卡尔积并不是你想要的结果，因为它会产生大量的无关数据。但是，理解它是如何发生的对于避免无意中产生笛卡尔积是很有帮助的。

显示雇员名、雇员工资以及所在部门的名字

因为上面的数据来自于EMP和DEPT表，因此要联合查询

 

mysql> select *from emp;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select *from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+------------+----------+
|     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
|     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
|     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
|     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select *from emp,dept;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON   |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
56 rows in set (0.02 sec)mysql> select *from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> 

 

这些MySQL查询示例展示了如何从emp（员工）和dept（部门）两个表中进行数据检索，以及如何通过连接条件避免生成笛卡尔积，从而获取有意义的结果。
 

简单的多表查询（产生笛卡尔积）: 当你执行select * from emp,dept;时，没有指定连接条件，因此结果是emp表和dept表之间的笛卡尔积。每个emp表中的行都会与dept表中的每行组合，如果emp表有14行，dept表有4行，那么结果集将有56行（14*4）。
 

指定连接条件的多表查询: 通过添加where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;，你明确指定了连接条件，即只有当员工所在部门编号（deptno）与部门表中的部门编号相匹配时，相应的记录才会出现在结果集中。这种方式有效地避免了笛卡尔积，只返回了相关联的记录，即每个员工及其对应的部门信息。
 

特定字段选择: 最后一个查询select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;进一步细化了输出，只选择了员工的姓名（ename）、薪水（sal）和部门名称（dname）。通过这种方式，可以清晰地看到每个员工所属的部门及其薪水，而不是返回两个表的所有列，这使得结果更加简洁和有用。
 

显示部门号为10的部门名，员工名和工资
 

 

mysql> select *from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | deptno | dname      | loc      |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     30 | SALES      | CHICAGO  |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     20 | RESEARCH   | DALLAS   |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+--------+------------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 | RESEARCH   |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 | SALES      |
| WARD   | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| JONES  | 2975.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | SALES      |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 | SALES      |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | SALES      |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 | RESEARCH   |
| JAMES  |  950.00 | SALES      |
| FORD   | 3000.00 | RESEARCH   |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select ename,sal,dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+--------+---------+------------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      |
+--------+---------+------------+
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+---------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select ename,sal,dname,deptno from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
ERROR 1052 (23000): Column 'deptno' in field list is ambiguous
mysql> select ename,sal,dname,emp.deptno from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
| ename  | sal     | dname      | deptno |
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
| CLARK  | 2450.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
| KING   | 5000.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | ACCOUNTING |     10 |
+--------+---------+------------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> 

 

在这些MySQL查询中，我们看到了如何通过连接两个表（emp和dept）来获取员工的信息以及他们所属的部门信息。最后两个查询特别展示了如何解决列名冲突和如何正确地引用列名以避免错误。
 

解决列名冲突： 在执行多表查询时，如果两个表中存在同名的列（在这个例子中是deptno），直接引用这个列名会导致“列名是模糊的”（ambiguous）错误。这是因为SQL无法判断你希望选择哪个表中的deptno列。
 

错误示例： 查询select ename,sal,dname,deptno from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;失败并报错ERROR 1052 (23000): Column 'deptno' in field list is ambiguous。这是因为deptno同时存在于emp和dept表中，而查询没有指明应该从哪个表中选择该列。
 

解决方法： 通过在列名前加上表名或别名来解决这个问题。如select ename,sal,dname,emp.deptno from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;明确指出选择emp.deptno，从而解决了列名冲突问题，并成功执行了查询。
 

显示每个员工的姓名、工资和工资级别
 

 

mysql> select *from salgrade;
+-------+-------+-------+
| grade | losal | hisal |
+-------+-------+-------+
|     1 |   700 |  1200 |
|     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
|     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
|     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
|     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select *from emp,salgrade;
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno | grade | losal | hisal |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+-------+-------+-------+
70 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select ename,sal ,grade from emp,salgrade;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     2 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     3 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     4 |
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     5 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     2 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     4 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     5 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     1 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     4 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     5 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     1 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     3 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     5 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     1 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     3 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     5 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     1 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     3 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     5 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     1 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     2 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     3 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     5 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     1 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     2 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     3 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     5 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     1 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     2 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     3 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     1 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     2 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     4 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     5 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     2 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     4 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     5 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     2 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     3 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     4 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     5 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     2 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     3 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     5 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     1 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     3 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     5 |
+--------+---------+-------+
70 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select ename,sal ,grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select ename,sal ,grade,losal ,hisal  from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
| ename  | sal     | grade | losal | hisal |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
| SMITH  |  800.00 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| ALLEN  | 1600.00 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| WARD   | 1250.00 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| JONES  | 2975.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
| BLAKE  | 2850.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| CLARK  | 2450.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| SCOTT  | 3000.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| KING   | 5000.00 |     5 |  3001 |  9999 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |     3 |  1401 |  2000 |
| ADAMS  | 1100.00 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| JAMES  |  950.00 |     1 |   700 |  1200 |
| FORD   | 3000.00 |     4 |  2001 |  3000 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |     2 |  1201 |  1400 |
+--------+---------+-------+-------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> 
 

这些MySQL命令和查询展示了如何使用emp和salgrade表来匹配员工的薪资与相应的薪资等级。通过正确应用条件语句，可以有效地筛选出符合特定薪资范围的员工记录，并将其与相应的薪资等级关联起来。
 

直接笛卡尔积查询： 初始查询select *from emp,salgrade;产生了一个笛卡尔积，这意味着emp表中的每一行都与salgrade表中的每一行配对，不考虑任何匹配条件。这通常不是期望的结果，因为它返回了所有可能的行组合，而不是根据实际的薪资等级来筛选员工。
 

筛选匹配薪资等级的员工： 通过执行select ename,sal ,grade from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;，我们可以获得一个更实用的结果集，其中只包括那些其薪资位于salgrade表定义的最低薪资(losal)和最高薪资(hisal)范围内的员工。这种查询方式直观地展示了如何将两个表中的数据根据实际业务逻辑关联起来。
 

增加薪资范围信息： 最后的查询select ename,sal ,grade,losal ,hisal from emp,salgrade where sal between losal and hisal;进一步扩展了上一查询，除了返回员工的姓名、薪资和薪资等级外，还包括了确定该薪资等级的最低和最高薪资范围。这提供了更详细的信息，帮助理解为什么特定的员工会被归入特定的薪资等级。
 

结尾
 

最后，感谢您阅读我的文章，希望这些内容能够对您有所启发和帮助。如果您有任何问题或想要分享您的观点，请随时在评论区留言。
 

 

同时，不要忘记订阅我的博客以获取更多有趣的内容。在未来的文章中，我将继续探讨这个话题的不同方面，为您呈现更多深度和见解。
 

 

谢谢您的支持，期待与您在下一篇文章中再次相遇！
 












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