目录
互斥锁的概念和使用
线程通信-互斥
互斥锁的创建和销毁
申请锁-pthread_mutex_lock
释放锁-pthread_mutex_unlock
读写锁的概念和使用
死锁的避免
互斥锁的概念和使用
线程通信-互斥
临界资源
- 一次只允许一个任务(进程、线程)访问的共享资源
概念:
不能同时访问的资源,比如写文件,只能由一个线程写,同时写会写乱。
比如外设打印机,打印的时候只能由一个程序使用。
外设基本上都是不能共享的资源。
生活中比如卫生间,同一时间只能由一个人使用。
临界区
- 访问临界资源的代码
互斥机制
- mutex互斥锁,任务访问临界资源前申请锁,访问完后释放锁
互斥锁的创建和销毁
两种方法创建互斥锁,静态方式和动态方式:
动态方式:
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex,const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);
- 成功时返回0,失败时返回错误码
- mutex指向要初始化的互斥锁对象
- attr互斥锁属性,NULL表示缺省属性
- man函数出现No manual entry for pthread_mutex_xxx解决方法:apt-get install manpages-posix-dev
静态方式:
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
锁的销毁:
int pthread_mutex_destory(pthread_mutex_t *mutex)
在linux中,互斥锁并不占用任何资源,因此LinuxThreads中的pthread_mutex_destory()除了检查锁状态以外(锁定状态则返回EBUSY)没有其他动作。
申请锁-pthread_mutex_lock
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 成功时返回0,失败时返回错误码
- mutex指向要初始化的互斥锁对象
- pthread_mutex_lock如果无法获得锁,任务阻塞
- pthread_mutex_trylock如果无法获得锁,返回EBUSY而不是挂起等待
释放锁-pthread_mutex_unlock
#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 成功时返回0,失败时返回错误码
- mutex指向要初始化的互斥锁对象
示例代码:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
FILE *fp;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; //多个文件需要多个锁
void *func1(void *arg)
{pthread_detach(pthread_self());printf("This is child thread1\n");char str[] = "I write func1 line\n";char c;int i = 0;//pthread_mutex_t mutex1;while (1){pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);while(i < strlen(str)){c = str[i];fputc(c,fp);usleep(1);i++;}pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);i = 0;usleep(1);}pthread_exit("func1 exit");
}
void *func2(void *arg)
{pthread_detach(pthread_self());printf("This is child thread2\n");char str[] = "You read func1 thread\n";char c;int i = 0;//pthread_mutex_t mutex2;while (1){pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);while(i < strlen(str)){c = str[i];fputc(c,fp);usleep(1);i++;}pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);i = 0;usleep(1);}pthread_exit("func2 exit");
}
int main()
{ pthread_t tid1,tid2;void *retv;int i; fp = fopen("1.txt","a+");if(fp == NULL){perror("fopen");return 0;}pthread_create(&tid1,NULL,func1,NULL);pthread_create(&tid2,NULL,func2,NULL);while(1){sleep(1);}
}
运行结果:
读写锁的概念和使用
必要性:提高线程执行效率
特性:
- 写者:写者使用写锁,如果当前没有读者,也没有其他写者,写者立即获得写锁;否则写者将等待,直到没有读者和写者。
- 读者:读者使用读锁,如果当前没有写者,读者立即获得读锁;否则读者等待,直到没有写者。
注意:
- 同一时刻只有一个线程可以获得写锁,同一时刻可以有多个线程获得读锁。
- 读写锁出于写锁状态时,所有试图对读写锁加锁的线程,不管是读者试图加读锁,还是写者试图加写锁,都会被阻塞。
- 读写锁处于读锁状态时,有写者试图加写锁时,之后的其他线程的读锁请求会被阻塞,以避免写者长时间的不写锁。
- 初始化一个读写锁 pthread_rwlock_init
- 读锁定读写锁 pthread_rwlock_rdlock
- 非阻塞读锁定 pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock
- 写锁定读写锁 pthread_rwlock_wrlock
- 非阻塞写锁定 pthread_rwlock_trywrlock
- 解锁读写锁 pthread_rwlock_unlock
- 释放读写锁 pthread_rwlock_destroy
示例代码:
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>pthread_rwlock_t rwlock;FILE *fp;
void * read_func(void *arg){pthread_detach(pthread_self());printf("read thread\n");char buf[32]={0};while(1){//rewind(fp);pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock);while(fgets(buf,32,fp)!=NULL){printf("%d,rd=%s\n",(int)arg,buf);usleep(1000);}pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);sleep(1);}}void *func2(void *arg){pthread_detach(pthread_self());printf("This func2 thread\n");char str[]="I write func2 line\n";char c;int i=0;while(1){pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);while(i<strlen(str)){c = str[i];fputc(c,fp);usleep(1);i++;}pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);i=0;usleep(1);}pthread_exit("func2 exit");}void *func(void *arg){pthread_detach(pthread_self());printf("This is func1 thread\n");char str[]="You read func1 thread\n";char c;int i=0;while(1){pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock);while(i<strlen(str)){c = str[i];fputc(c,fp);i++;usleep(1);}pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock);i=0;usleep(1);}pthread_exit("func1 exit");
}int main(){pthread_t tid1,tid2,tid3,tid4;void *retv;int i;fp = fopen("1.txt","a+");if(fp==NULL){perror("fopen");return 0;}pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock,NULL);pthread_create(&tid1,NULL,read_func,1);pthread_create(&tid2,NULL,read_func,2);pthread_create(&tid3,NULL,func,NULL);pthread_create(&tid4,NULL,func2,NULL);while(1){ sleep(1);} }
死锁的避免
- 锁越少越好,最好使用一把锁
- 调整好锁的顺序
- 使锁进行错位
示例代码:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
FILE *fp;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; //多个文件需要多个锁
pthread_mutex_t mutex2 = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER; //多个文件需要多个锁void *func1(void *arg)
{pthread_detach(pthread_self());printf("This is child thread1\n");char str[] = "I write func1 line\n";char c;int i = 0;//pthread_mutex_t mutex1;while (1){pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex2);printf("%d,I get lock2\n",(int)arg);sleep(1);pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);printf("%d,I get 2 locks\n",(int)arg);pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex2);sleep(10);}pthread_exit("func1 exit");
}
void *func2(void *arg)
{pthread_detach(pthread_self());printf("This is child thread2\n");char str[] = "You read func1 thread\n";char c;int i = 0;//pthread_mutex_t mutex2;while (1){pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);printf("%d,I get lock1\n",(int)arg);sleep(1);pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex2);printf("%d,I get 2 locks\n",(int)arg);pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex2);pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);usleep(10);}pthread_exit("func2 exit");
}
int main()
{ pthread_t tid1,tid2;void *retv;int i; fp = fopen("1.txt","a+");if(fp == NULL){perror("fopen");return 0;}pthread_create(&tid1,NULL,func1,1);sleep(5);pthread_create(&tid2,NULL,func2,2);while(1){sleep(1);}
}
运行结果: