原文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/smstong/article/details/51145786
哈希表原理
这里不讲高深理论,只说直观感受。哈希表的目的就是为了根据数据的部分内容(关键字),直接计算出存放完整数据的内存地址。
试想一下,如果从链表中根据关键字查找一个元素,那么就需要遍历才能得到这个元素的内存地址,如果链表长度很大,查找就需要更多的时间.
void* list_find_by_key(list,key)
{for(p=list;p!=NULL; p=p->next){if(p->key == key){return p;}return p;}
}
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为了解决根据关键字快速找到元素的存放地址,哈希表应运而生。它通过某种算法(哈希函数)直接根据关键字计算出元素的存放地址,由于无需遍历,所以效率很高。
void* hash_table_find_by_key(table, key)
{void* p = hash(key);return p;
}
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当然,上面的伪代码忽略了一个重要的事实:那就是不同的关键字可能产生出同样的hash值。
hash("张三") = 23;
hash("李四") = 30;
hash("王五") = 23;
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这种情况称为“冲突”,为了解决这个问题,有两种方法:一是链式扩展;二是开放寻址。这里只讲第一种:链式扩展。
也就是把具有相同hash值的元素放到一起,形成一个链表。这样在插入和寻找数据的时候就需要进一步判断。
void* hash_table_find_by_key(table, key)
{void* list = hash(key);return list_find_by_key(list, key);
}
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需要注意的是,只要hash函数合适,这里的链表通常都长度不大,所以查找效率依然很高。
下图是一个哈希表运行时内存布局:

2 纯C实现源码
实际工作中,大多数情况下,关键字都是字符串的形式,而大多数教科书上却使用整数关键字来举例,这非常脱离实际。为此,本人决定使用纯C语言开发一个哈希表结构,供大家参考。主要特点:
- 基于接口开发,对外彻底隐藏实现细节
- 具有自动释放客户结构内存的回调功能
- 采用经典的Times33哈希算法
- 采用纯C开发,可供C和C++客户使用
HashTable.h 头文件
#pragma once
typedef struct HashTable HashTable;#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif/* new an instance of HashTable */HashTable* hash_table_new();/*delete an instance of HashTable,all values are removed auotmatically.*/void hash_table_delete(HashTable* ht);/*add or update a value to ht, free_value(if not NULL) is called automatically when the value is removed.return 0 if success, -1 if error occurred.*/#define hash_table_put(ht,key,value) hash_table_put2(ht,key,value,NULL);int hash_table_put2(HashTable* ht, char* key, void* value, void(*free_value)(void*));/* get a value indexed by key, return NULL if not found. */void* hash_table_get(HashTable* ht, char* key);/* remove a value indexed by key */void hash_table_rm(HashTable* ht, char* key);#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
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HashTable.c 实现文件
#include "HashTable.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>#define TABLE_SIZE (1024*1024)/* element of the hash table's chain list */
struct kv
{struct kv* next;char* key;void* value;void(*free_value)(void*);
};/* HashTable */
struct HashTable
{struct kv ** table;
};/* constructor of struct kv */
static void init_kv(struct kv* kv)
{kv->next = NULL;kv->key = NULL;kv->value = NULL;kv->free_value = NULL;
}
/* destructor of struct kv */
static void free_kv(struct kv* kv)
{if (kv) {if (kv->free_value) {kv->free_value(kv->value);}free(kv->key);kv->key = NULL;free(kv);}
}
/* the classic Times33 hash function */
static unsigned int hash_33(char* key)
{unsigned int hash = 0;while (*key) {hash = (hash << 5) + hash + *key++;}return hash;
}/* new a HashTable instance */
HashTable* hash_table_new()
{HashTable* ht = malloc(sizeof(HashTable));if (NULL == ht) {hash_table_delete(ht);return NULL;}ht->table = malloc(sizeof(struct kv*) * TABLE_SIZE);if (NULL == ht->table) {hash_table_delete(ht);return NULL;}memset(ht->table, 0, sizeof(struct kv*) * TABLE_SIZE);return ht;
}
/* delete a HashTable instance */
void hash_table_delete(HashTable* ht)
{if (ht) {if (ht->table) {int i = 0;for (i = 0; i<TABLE_SIZE; i++) {struct kv* p = ht->table[i];struct kv* q = NULL;while (p) {q = p->next;free_kv(p);p = q;}}free(ht->table);ht->table = NULL;}free(ht);}
}/* insert or update a value indexed by key */
int hash_table_put2(HashTable* ht, char* key, void* value, void(*free_value)(void*))
{int i = hash_33(key) % TABLE_SIZE;struct kv* p = ht->table[i];struct kv* prep = p;while (p) { /* if key is already stroed, update its value */if (strcmp(p->key, key) == 0) {if (p->free_value) {p->free_value(p->value);}p->value = value;p->free_value = free_value;break;}prep = p;p = p->next;}if (p == NULL) {/* if key has not been stored, then add it */char* kstr = malloc(strlen(key) + 1);if (kstr == NULL) {return -1;}struct kv * kv = malloc(sizeof(struct kv));if (NULL == kv) {free(kstr);kstr = NULL;return -1;}init_kv(kv);kv->next = NULL;strcpy(kstr, key);kv->key = kstr;kv->value = value;kv->free_value = free_value;if (prep == NULL) {ht->table[i] = kv;}else {prep->next = kv;}}return 0;
}/* get a value indexed by key */
void* hash_table_get(HashTable* ht, char* key)
{int i = hash_33(key) % TABLE_SIZE;struct kv* p = ht->table[i];while (p) {if (strcmp(key, p->key) == 0) {return p->value;}p = p->next;}return NULL;
}/* remove a value indexed by key */
void hash_table_rm(HashTable* ht, char* key)
{int i = hash_33(key) % TABLE_SIZE;struct kv* p = ht->table[i];struct kv* prep = p;while (p) {if (strcmp(key, p->key) == 0) {free_kv(p);if (p == prep) {ht->table[i] = NULL;}else {prep->next = p->next;}}prep = p;p = p->next;}
}
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3 测试程序
下面是测试程序源码,基于C++。
测试程序test.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>#include "HashTable.h"// 要放入哈希表中的结构体
struct Student
{int age;float score;char name[32];char data[1024 * 1024* 10];
};// 结构体内存释放函数
static void free_student(void* stu)
{free(stu);
}// 显示学生信息的函数
static void show_student(struct Student* p)
{printf("姓名:%s, 年龄:%d, 学分:%.2f\n", p->name, p->age, p->score);
}int main()
{// 新建一个HashTable实例HashTable* ht = hash_table_new();if (NULL == ht) {return -1;}// 向哈希表中加入多个学生结构体for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {struct Student * stu = (struct Student*)malloc(sizeof(struct Student));stu->age = 18 + rand()%5;stu->score = 50.0f + rand() % 100;sprintf(stu->name, "同学%d", i);hash_table_put2(ht, stu->name, stu, free_student);}// 根据学生姓名查找学生结构for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {char name[32];sprintf(name, "同学%d", i);struct Student * stu = (struct Student*)hash_table_get(ht, name);show_student(stu);}// 销毁哈希表实例hash_table_delete(ht);return 0;
}
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