竞赛选题：题目：基于深度学习的水果识别设计开题技术

1 前言

Hi，大家好，这里是丹成学长，今天做一个基于深度学习的水果识别demo

这是一个较为新颖的竞赛课题方向，学长非常推荐！

🧿 更多资料, 项目分享：

https://gitee.com/dancheng-senior/postgraduate

2 开发简介

深度学习作为机器学习领域内新兴并且蓬勃发展的一门学科，它不仅改变着传统的机器学习方法，也影响着我们对人类感知的理解，
已经在图像识别和语音识别等领域取得广泛的应用。因此，本文在深入研究深度学习理论的基础上，将深度学习应用到水果图像识别中，
以此来提高了水果图像的识别性能。

3 识别原理

3.1 传统图像识别原理

传统的水果图像识别系统的一般过程如下图所示，主要工作集中在图像预处理和特征提取阶段。

在大多数的识别任务中，实验所用图像往往是在严格限定的环境中采集的，消除了外界环境对图像的影响。但是实际环境中图像易受到光照变化、水果反光、
遮挡等因素的影响，这在不同程度上影响着水果图像的识别准确率。

在传统的水果图像识别系统中，通常是对水果的纹理、颜色、形状等特征进行提取和识别。

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3.2 深度学习水果识别

CNN 是一种专门为识别二维特征而设计的多层神经网络，它的结构如下图所示，这种结构对平移、缩放、旋转等变形具有高度的不变性。

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学长本次采用的 CNN 架构如图：
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4 数据集

数据库分为训练集(train)和测试集(test)两部分
训练集包含四类apple,orange,banana,mixed(多种水果混合)四类237张图片；测试集包含每类图片各两张。图片集如下图所示。
图片类别可由图片名称中提取。

训练集图片预览

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测试集预览
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数据集目录结构
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5 部分关键代码

5.1 处理训练集的数据结构

import os
import pandas as pd    train_dir = './Training/'
test_dir = './Test/'
fruits = []
fruits_image = []for i in os.listdir(train_dir):for image_filename in os.listdir(train_dir + i):fruits.append(i) # name of the fruitfruits_image.append(i + '/' + image_filename)
train_fruits = pd.DataFrame(fruits, columns=["Fruits"])
train_fruits["Fruits Image"] = fruits_imageprint(train_fruits)

5.2 模型网络结构

    
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import seaborn as sns
    from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator, img_to_array, load_img
    from glob import glob
    from keras.models import Sequential
    from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Activation, Dropout, Flatten, Dense
    img = load_img(train_dir + "Cantaloupe 1/r_234_100.jpg")
    plt.imshow(img)
    plt.axis("off")
    plt.show()
    array_image = img_to_array(img)# shape (100,100)print("Image Shape --> ", array_image.shape)# 131个类目fruitCountUnique = glob(train_dir + '/*' )numberOfClass = len(fruitCountUnique)print("How many different fruits are there --> ",numberOfClass)# 构建模型model = Sequential()model.add(Conv2D(32,(3,3),input_shape = array_image.shape))model.add(Activation("relu"))model.add(MaxPooling2D())model.add(Conv2D(32,(3,3)))model.add(Activation("relu"))model.add(MaxPooling2D())model.add(Conv2D(64,(3,3)))model.add(Activation("relu"))model.add(MaxPooling2D())model.add(Flatten())model.add(Dense(1024))model.add(Activation("relu"))model.add(Dropout(0.5))# 区分131类model.add(Dense(numberOfClass)) # outputmodel.add(Activation("softmax"))model.compile(loss = "categorical_crossentropy",optimizer = "rmsprop",metrics = ["accuracy"])print("Target Size --> ", array_image.shape[:2])##

5.3 训练模型

    
    train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale= 1./255,
                                       shear_range = 0.3,
                                       horizontal_flip=True,
                                       zoom_range = 0.3)
    test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale= 1./255)epochs = 100batch_size = 32train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(train_dir,target_size= array_image.shape[:2],batch_size = batch_size,color_mode= "rgb",class_mode= "categorical")test_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(test_dir,target_size= array_image.shape[:2],batch_size = batch_size,color_mode= "rgb",class_mode= "categorical")for data_batch, labels_batch in train_generator:print("data_batch shape --> ",data_batch.shape)print("labels_batch shape --> ",labels_batch.shape)breakhist = model.fit_generator(generator = train_generator,steps_per_epoch = 1600 // batch_size,epochs=epochs,validation_data = test_generator,validation_steps = 800 // batch_size)#保存模型 model_fruits.h5model.save('model_fruits.h5')

顺便输出训练曲线

    #展示损失模型结果
    plt.figure()
    plt.plot(hist.history["loss"],label = "Train Loss", color = "black")
    plt.plot(hist.history["val_loss"],label = "Validation Loss", color = "darkred", linestyle="dashed",markeredgecolor = "purple", markeredgewidth = 2)
    plt.title("Model Loss", color = "darkred", size = 13)
    plt.legend()
    plt.show()
    #展示精确模型结果plt.figure()plt.plot(hist.history["accuracy"],label = "Train Accuracy", color = "black")plt.plot(hist.history["val_accuracy"],label = "Validation Accuracy", color = "darkred", linestyle="dashed",markeredgecolor = "purple", markeredgewidth = 2)plt.title("Model Accuracy", color = "darkred", size = 13)plt.legend()plt.show()![在这里插入图片描述](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/686ace7db27c4145837ec2e09e8ad917.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZHJvaWRzYW5zZmFsbGJhY2s,shadow_50,text_Q1NETiBARGFuQ2hlbmctc3R1ZGlv,size_17,color_FFFFFF,t_70,g_se,x_16)

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6 识别效果

from tensorflow.keras.models import load_model
import os
import pandas as pd
from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator,img_to_array, load_img
import cv2,matplotlib.pyplot as plt,numpy as np
from keras.preprocessing import imagetrain_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale= 1./255,shear_range = 0.3,horizontal_flip=True,zoom_range = 0.3)model = load_model('model_fruits.h5')
batch_size = 32
img = load_img("./Test/Apricot/3_100.jpg",target_size=(100,100))
plt.imshow(img)
plt.show()array_image = img_to_array(img)
array_image = array_image * 1./255
x = np.expand_dims(array_image, axis=0)
images = np.vstack([x])
classes = model.predict_classes(images, batch_size=10)
print(classes)
train_dir = './Training/'train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(train_dir,target_size= array_image.shape[:2],batch_size = batch_size,color_mode= "rgb",class_mode= "categorical”)
print(train_generator.class_indices)

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    fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 16))axes = []files = []predictions = []true_labels = []rows = 5cols = 2
# 随机选择几个图片
def getRandomImage(path, img_width, img_height):"""function loads a random image from a random folder in our test path"""folders = list(filter(lambda x: os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path, x)), os.listdir(path)))random_directory = np.random.randint(0, len(folders))path_class = folders[random_directory]file_path = os.path.join(path, path_class)file_names = [f for f in os.listdir(file_path) if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(file_path, f))]random_file_index = np.random.randint(0, len(file_names))image_name = file_names[random_file_index]final_path = os.path.join(file_path, image_name)return image.load_img(final_path, target_size = (img_width, img_height)), final_path, path_classdef draw_test(name, pred, im, true_label):BLACK = [0, 0, 0]expanded_image = cv2.copyMakeBorder(im, 160, 0, 0, 300, cv2.BORDER_CONSTANT, value=BLACK)cv2.putText(expanded_image, "predicted: " + pred, (20, 60), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,0.85, (255, 0, 0), 2)cv2.putText(expanded_image, "true: " + true_label, (20, 120), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,0.85, (0, 255, 0), 2)return expanded_image
IMG_ROWS, IMG_COLS = 100, 100# predicting images
for i in range(0, 10):path = "./Test"img, final_path, true_label = getRandomImage(path, IMG_ROWS, IMG_COLS)files.append(final_path)true_labels.append(true_label)x = image.img_to_array(img)x = x * 1./255x = np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)images = np.vstack([x])classes = model.predict_classes(images, batch_size=10)predictions.append(classes)class_labels = train_generator.class_indices
class_labels = {v: k for k, v in class_labels.items()}
class_list = list(class_labels.values())for i in range(0, len(files)):image = cv2.imread(files[i])image = draw_test("Prediction", class_labels[predictions[i][0]], image, true_labels[i])axes.append(fig.add_subplot(rows, cols, i+1))plt.imshow(cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2RGB))plt.grid(False)plt.axis('off')
plt.show()