一、为什么需要 WebSocket
初次接触 WebSocket 的人,都会问同样的问题:我们已经有了 HTTP 协议,为什么还需要另一个协议?它能带来什么好处?
答案很简单,因为 HTTP 协议有一个缺陷:通信只能由客户端发起。
举例来说,我们想了解今天的天气,只能是客户端向服务器发出请求,服务器返回查询结果。HTTP 协议做不到服务器主动向客户端推送信息。
这种单向请求的特点,注定了如果服务器有连续的状态变化,客户端要获知就非常麻烦。我们只能使用[“轮询”]:每隔一段时候,就发出一个询问,了解服务器有没有新的信息,最典型的场景就是聊天室。
轮询的效率低,非常浪费资源(因为必须不停连接,或者 HTTP 连接始终打开)。因此,开发工程师们一直在思考,有没有更好的方法。WebSocket 就是这样发明的。
二、 WebSocket的简介
WebSocket 协议在2008年诞生,2011年成为国际标准。所有浏览器都已经支持了。
它的最大特点就是,服务器可以主动向客户端推送信息,客户端也可以主动向服务器发送信息,是真正的双向平等对话,属于[“服务器推送技术”]的一种。
WebSocket的特点包括:
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建立在 TCP 协议之上,服务器端的实现比较容易。
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与 HTTP 协议有着良好的兼容性。默认端口也是80和443,并且握手阶段采用 HTTP 协议,因此握手时不容易屏蔽,能通过各种 HTTP 代理服务器。
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支持双向通信,实时性更强
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数据格式比较轻量,性能开销小,通信高效。
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可以发送文本,也可以发送二进制数据。
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没有同源限制,客户端可以与任意服务器通信。
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协议标识符是ws(如果加密,则为wss),服务器网址就是 URL。
ws://echo.websocket.org
三、WebSocket 实现Android客户端与服务器的长连接
Android客户端选择已经成熟的框架,Java-WebSocket,GitHub地址:https://github.com/TooTallNate/Java-WebSocket
(一)引入Java-WebSocket
1、build.gradle中加入
implementation "org.java-websocket:Java-WebSocket:1.5.1"
2、加入网络请求权限
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
3、新建客户端类
新建一个客户端类并继承WebSocketClient,需要实现它的四个抽象方法、构造函数和onSetSSLParameters方法
public class JWebSocketClient extends WebSocketClient {@Overrideprotected void onSetSSLParameters(SSLParameters sslParameters) {
// super.onSetSSLParameters(sslParameters);}public JWebSocketClient(URI serverUri) {super(serverUri, new Draft_6455());}@Overridepublic void onOpen(ServerHandshake handShakeData) {//在webSocket连接开启时调用}@Overridepublic void onMessage(String message) {//接收到消息时调用}@Overridepublic void onClose(int code, String reason, boolean remote) {//在连接断开时调用}@Overridepublic void onError(Exception ex) {//在连接出错时调用}
}
其中onOpen()方法在websocket连接开启时调用,onMessage()方法在接收到消息时调用,onClose()方法在连接断开时调用,onError()方法在连接出错时调用。构造方法中的new Draft_6455()代表使用的协议版本,这里可以不写或者写成这样即可。
4、建立websocket连接
建立连接只需要初始化此客户端再调用连接方法,需要注意的是WebSocketClient对象是不能重复使用的,所以不能重复初始化,其他地方只能调用当前这个Client。
URI uri = URI.create("ws://*******");
JWebSocketClient client = new JWebSocketClient(uri) {@Overridepublic void onMessage(String message) {//message就是接收到的消息Log.e("JWebSClientService", message);}
};
为了方便对接收到的消息进行处理,可以在这重写onMessage()方法。初始化客户端时需要传入websocket地址(测试地址:ws://echo.websocket.org),websocket协议地址大致是这样的,协议标识符是ws(如果加密,则为wss)
ws:// ip地址 : 端口号
连接时可以使用connect()方法或connectBlocking()方法,建议使用connectBlocking()方法,connectBlocking多出一个等待操作,会先连接再发送。
try {client.connectBlocking();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();
}
5、发送消息
发送消息只需要调用send()方法,如下
if (client != null && client.isOpen()) {client.send("你好");
}
6、关闭socket连接
关闭连接调用close()方法,最后为了避免重复实例化WebSocketClient对象,关闭时一定要将对象置空。
/*** 断开连接*/
private void closeConnect() {try {if (null != client) {client.close();}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {client = null;}
}
(二)WebSocket的封装
1、新建一个客户端类并继承WebSocketClient
public class JWebSocketClient extends WebSocketClient {@Overrideprotected void onSetSSLParameters(SSLParameters sslParameters) {
// super.onSetSSLParameters(sslParameters);}public JWebSocketClient(URI serverUri) {super(serverUri, new Draft_6455());}@Overridepublic void onOpen(ServerHandshake handShakeData) {//在webSocket连接开启时调用}@Overridepublic void onMessage(String message) {//接收到消息时调用}@Overridepublic void onClose(int code, String reason, boolean remote) {//在连接断开时调用}@Overridepublic void onError(Exception ex) {//在连接出错时调用}
}
2、新建WebSocketEvent,用于传递消息事件
public class WebSocketEvent {private String message;public WebSocketEvent(String message) {this.message = message;}public String getMessage() {return message;}public void setMessage(String message) {this.message = message;}
}
3、新建WebSocketService服务,用于消息管理和保持长连接状态
public class WebSocketService extends Service {private final static String TAG = WebSocketService.class.getSimpleName();public JWebSocketClient client;private JWebSocketClientBinder mBinder = new JWebSocketClientBinder();private final static int GRAY_SERVICE_ID = 1001;private static final long CLOSE_RECON_TIME = 100;//连接断开或者连接错误立即重连//用于Activity和service通讯public class JWebSocketClientBinder extends Binder {public WebSocketService getService() {return WebSocketService.this;}}//灰色保活public static class GrayInnerService extends Service {@Overridepublic int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {startForeground(GRAY_SERVICE_ID, new Notification());stopForeground(true);stopSelf();return super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId);}@Overridepublic IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {return null;}}@Overridepublic IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {LogUtil.i(TAG, "WebSocketService onBind");return mBinder;}@Overridepublic void onCreate() {super.onCreate();}@Overridepublic int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {//初始化WebSocketinitSocketClient();mHandler.postDelayed(heartBeatRunnable, HEART_BEAT_RATE);//开启心跳检测//设置service为前台服务,提高优先级if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.JELLY_BEAN_MR2) {//Android4.3以下 ,隐藏Notification上的图标startForeground(GRAY_SERVICE_ID, new Notification());} else if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {//Android4.3 - Android8.0,隐藏Notification上的图标Intent innerIntent = new Intent(this, GrayInnerService.class);startService(innerIntent);startForeground(GRAY_SERVICE_ID, new Notification());} else {//Android8.0以上app启动后通知栏会出现一条"正在运行"的通知NotificationChannel channel = new NotificationChannel(NotificationUtil.channel_id, NotificationUtil.channel_name,NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH);NotificationManager manager = (NotificationManager) getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);if (manager != null) {manager.createNotificationChannel(channel);Notification notification = new Notification.Builder(getApplicationContext(), NotificationUtil.channel_id_tai_bang).build();startForeground(GRAY_SERVICE_ID, notification);}}return START_STICKY;}private void initSocketClient() {String url = BuildConfig.WS_PERFIX;URI uri = URI.create(url);client = new JWebSocketClient(uri) {@Overridepublic void onMessage(String message) {//message就是接收到的消息LogUtil.i(TAG, "WebSocketService收到的消息:" + message);EventBus.getDefault().post(new WebSocketEvent(message));}@Overridepublic void onOpen(ServerHandshake handShakeData) {//在webSocket连接开启时调用LogUtil.i(TAG, "WebSocket 连接成功");}@Overridepublic void onClose(int code, String reason, boolean remote) {//在连接断开时调用LogUtil.e(TAG, "onClose() 连接断开_reason:" + reason);mHandler.removeCallbacks(heartBeatRunnable);mHandler.postDelayed(heartBeatRunnable, CLOSE_RECON_TIME);//开启心跳检测}@Overridepublic void onError(Exception ex) {//在连接出错时调用LogUtil.e(TAG, "onError() 连接出错:" + ex.getMessage());mHandler.removeCallbacks(heartBeatRunnable);mHandler.postDelayed(heartBeatRunnable, CLOSE_RECON_TIME);//开启心跳检测}};connect();}/*** 连接WebSocket*/private void connect() {new Thread() {@Overridepublic void run() {try {//connectBlocking多出一个等待操作,会先连接再发送,否则未连接发送会报错client.connectBlocking();} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}.start();}/*** 发送消息*/public void sendMsg(String msg) {if (null != client) {LogUtil.i(TAG, "发送的消息:" + msg);try {client.send(msg);} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}@Overridepublic boolean onUnbind(Intent intent) {LogUtil.e(TAG, "Service onUnbind");return super.onUnbind(intent);}@Overridepublic void onDestroy() {closeConnect();super.onDestroy();}/*** 断开连接*/public void closeConnect() {mHandler.removeCallbacks(heartBeatRunnable);try {if (null != client) {client.close();}} catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();} finally {client = null;}}// -------------------------------------WebSocket心跳检测------------------------------------------------private static final long HEART_BEAT_RATE = 10 * 1000;//每隔10秒进行一次对长连接的心跳检测private Handler mHandler = new Handler();private Runnable heartBeatRunnable = new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {if (client != null) {if (client.isClosed()) {reconnectWs();LogUtil.e(TAG, "心跳包检测WebSocket连接状态:已关闭");} else if (client.isOpen()) {LogUtil.d(TAG, "心跳包检测WebSocket连接状态:已连接");} else {LogUtil.e(TAG, "心跳包检测WebSocket连接状态:已断开");}} else {//如果client已为空,重新初始化连接initSocketClient();LogUtil.e(TAG, "心跳包检测WebSocket连接状态:client已为空,重新初始化连接");}//每隔一定的时间,对长连接进行一次心跳检测mHandler.postDelayed(this, HEART_BEAT_RATE);}};/*** 开启重连*/private void reconnectWs() {mHandler.removeCallbacks(heartBeatRunnable);new Thread() {@Overridepublic void run() {try {LogUtil.e(TAG, "开启重连");client.reconnectBlocking();} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}}.start();}
}
4、在Application中开启WebSocketService服务
/*** 开启并绑定WebSocket服务*/public void startWebSocketService() {Intent bindIntent = new Intent(this, WebSocketService.class);startService(bindIntent);bindService(bindIntent, serviceConnection, BIND_AUTO_CREATE);}
5、通过WebSocketService向服务器发送消息
if (NsApplication.getInstance().getWebSocketService() != null &&NsApplication.getInstance().getWebSocketService().client != null && NsApplication.getInstance().getWebSocketService().client.isOpen()) {JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();NsApplication.getInstance().getWebSocketService().sendMsg(jsonObject );} else {LogUtil.e(TAG, "WebSocket连接已断开");}}
6、通过WebSocketService接收服务器发来的消息
@Subscribe(threadMode = ThreadMode.MAIN)public void onMessageEvent(WebSocketEvent event) {if (event != null) {LogUtil.e(TAG, "接收消息内容:" + event.getMessage());}}
7、Application
public class NsApplication extends Application {private final static String TAG = NsApplication.class.getSimpleName();private static NsApplication instance;private static final String DEVICE_TOKEN = "device_token";//设备tokenpublic WebSocketService mWebSocketService;// -------------------------------------WebSocket发送空消息心跳检测------------------------------------------------private static final long HEART_BEAT_RATE = 60 * 1000;//每隔1分钟发送空消息保持WebSocket长连接public static NsApplication getInstance() {if (instance == null) {instance = new NsApplication();}return instance;}private Handler mHandler = new Handler();private Runnable webSocketRunnable = new Runnable() {@Overridepublic void run() {if (mWebSocketService != null &&mWebSocketService.client != null && mWebSocketService.client.isOpen()) {try {JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();jsonObject.put("from","");jsonObject.put("to", "");LogUtil.e(TAG, "JSONObject:" + jsonObject.toString());mWebSocketService.sendMsg(jsonObject.toString());} catch (JSONException e) {e.printStackTrace();}}//每隔一定的时间,对长连接进行一次心跳检测mHandler.postDelayed(this, HEART_BEAT_RATE);}};public WebSocketService getWebSocketService() {return mWebSocketService;}/*** 开启并绑定WebSocket服务*/public void startWebSocketService(String deviceToken) {Intent bindIntent = new Intent(this, WebSocketService.class);bindIntent.putExtra(DEVICE_TOKEN, deviceToken);startService(bindIntent);bindService(bindIntent, serviceConnection, BIND_AUTO_CREATE);mHandler.removeCallbacks(webSocketRunnable);mHandler.postDelayed(webSocketRunnable, HEART_BEAT_RATE);//开启心跳检测}private ServiceConnection serviceConnection = new ServiceConnection() {@Overridepublic void onServiceConnected(ComponentName componentName, IBinder iBinder) {//服务与活动成功绑定mWebSocketService = ((WebSocketService.JWebSocketClientBinder) iBinder).getService();LogUtil.e(TAG, "WebSocket服务与Application成功绑定");}@Overridepublic void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName componentName) {//服务与活动断开mWebSocketService = null;LogUtil.e(TAG, "WebSocket服务与Application成功断开");}};
}