SELECT id, name, chinese + math + english FROM exam_result;
+----+--------- -+--------------------------+
| id | name | chinese + math + english |
+----+-----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 221 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 170 |
+----+-----------+--------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.为查询结果指定别名
语法:
SELECT column [AS] alias_name [...] FROM table_name;
示例:
SELECT id, name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name | 总分 |
+----+-----------+--------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 221 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 170 |
+----+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.结果去重
// 98分重复了
SELECT math FROM exam_result;
+--------+
| math |
+--------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 98 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)// 去重结果
SELECT DISTINCT math FROM exam_result;
+--------+
| math |
+--------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.WHERE条件
1.比较运算符
2.逻辑运算符
3.示例
英语不及格的同学及英语成绩 ( < 60 )
SELECT name, english FROM exam_result WHERE english < 60;
+-----------+---------+
| name | english |
+-----------+---------+
| 唐三藏 | 56 |
| 刘玄德 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 30 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
语文成绩在 [80, 90] 分的同学及语文成绩
# 使用 AND 进行条件连接
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese >= 80 AND chinese <= 90;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)# 使用 BETWEEN ... AND ... 条件
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese BETWEEN 80 AND 90;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
数学成绩是 58 或者 59 或者 98 或者 99 分的同学及数学成绩
# 使用 OR 进行条件连接
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE math = 58 OR math = 59 OR math = 98 OR math = 99;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)# 使用 IN 条件
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE math IN (58, 59, 98, 99);
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
姓孙的同学及孙某同学
# % 匹配任意多个(包括 0 个)任意字符
SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙%';
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| 孙悟空 |
| 孙权 |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)# _ 匹配严格的一个任意字符
SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙_';
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| 孙权 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
语文成绩好于英语成绩的同学
# WHERE 条件中比较运算符两侧都是字段
SELECT name, chinese, english FROM exam_result WHERE chinese > english;
+-----------+---------+---------+
| name | chinese | english |
+-----------+---------+---------+
| 唐三藏 | 67 | 56 |
| 孙悟空 | 87 | 77 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 | 67 |
| 刘玄德 | 55 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 75 | 30 |
+-----------+---------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
总分在 200 分以下的同学
# WHERE 条件中使用表达式
# 别名不能用在 WHERE 条件中
SELECT name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result WHERE chinese + math + english < 200;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
语文成绩 > 80 并且不姓孙的同学
# AND 与 NOT 的使用
SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese > 80 AND name NOT LIKE '孙%';
+----+-----------+---------+--------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+--------+---------+
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 82 | 84 | 67 |
+----+-----------+---------+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
孙某同学,否则要求总成绩 > 200 并且 语文成绩 < 数学成绩 并且 英语成绩 > 80
# 综合性查询,括号()内的可以看成一整个条件
SELECT name, chinese, math, english, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
WHERE name LIKE '孙_' OR (chinese + math + english > 200 AND chinese < math AND english >80);
+-----------+---------+--------+---------+--- ---+
| name | chinese | math | english | 总分 |
+-----------+---------+--------+---------+-------+
| 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 | 276 |
| 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 | 221 |
+-----------+---------+--------+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
NULL 的查询
# 查询 students 表
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10010 | 唐大师 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 103 | 20002 | 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 104 | 20001 | 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)# 查询 qq 号已知的同学姓名
SELECT name, qq FROM students WHERE qq IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)# NULL 和 NULL 的比较,= 和 <=> 的区别
SELECT NULL = NULL, NULL = 1, NULL = 0;
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL = NULL | NULL = 1 | NULL = 0 |
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)SELECT NULL <=> NULL, NULL <=> 1, NULL <=> 0;
+---------------+------------+------------+
| NULL <=> NULL | NULL <=> 1 | NULL <=> 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.结果排序
1.基本语法
-- ASC 为升序(从小到大)
-- DESC 为降序(从大到小)
-- 默认为 ASC
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...]
ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC], [...];
Tips
升序:Ascending
降序:Descending
注意:没有 ORDER BY 子句的查询,返回的顺序是未定义的,永远不要依赖这个顺序
2.示例
同学及数学成绩,按数学成绩升序显示
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result ORDER BY math;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 65 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 |
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
同学及 qq 号,按 qq 号排序显示
# NULL 视为比任何值都小,升序出现在最上面
SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)# NULL 视为比任何值都小,降序出现在最下面
SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq DESC;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询同学各门成绩,依次按 数学降序,英语升序,语文升序的方式显示
# 多字段排序,排序优先级随书写顺序
SELECT name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result ORDER BY math DESC, english, chinese;
+-----------+--------+---------+---------+
| name | math | english | chinese |
+-----------+--------+---------+---------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 孙权 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
| 宋公明 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+-----------+--------+---------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询同学及总分,由高到低
# ORDER BY 中可以使用表达式
SELECT name, chinese + english + math FROM exam_result ORDER BY chinese + english + math DESC;
+-----------+--------------------------+
| name | chinese + english + math |
+-----------+--------------------------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)# ORDER BY 子句中可以使用列别名
SELECT name, chinese + english + math 总分 FROM exam_result ORDER BY 总分 DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询姓孙的同学或者姓曹的同学数学成绩,结果按数学成绩由高到低显示
# 结合 WHERE 子句 和 ORDER BY 子句
SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙%' OR name LIKE '曹%' ORDER BY math DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | math |
+-----------+--------+
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
+-----------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.筛选分页结果
语法:
# 起始下标为 0# 从 0 开始,筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n;# 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT s, n;# 从 s 开始,筛选 n 条结果,比第二种用法更明确,建议使用
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n OFFSET s;
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