IPC:
Linux环境下,进程地址空间相互独立,每个进程各自有不同的用户地址空间。任何一个进程的全局变量在另一个进程中都看不到,所以进程和进程之间不能相互访问,要交换数据必须通过内核,在内核中开辟一块缓冲区,进程1把数据从用户空间拷到内核缓冲区,进程2再从内核缓冲区把数据读走,内核提供的这种机制称为进程间通信(IPC,InterProcess Communication)。
IPC 技术有如下几种:pipe,fifo,mmap,信号,本地套
pipe:血缘关系的进程之间,完成数据传递
int pipe(int pipefd[2]);
函数调用成功返回r/w两个文件描述符。无需open,但需手动close。
规定:fd[0] → r; fd[1] → w,就像0对应标准输入,1对应标准输出一样。
fifo:可以用于无血缘进程间的通讯
int mkfifo(const char *pathname, mode_t mode); 成功:0; 失败:-1
一旦使用mkfifo创建了一个FIFO,就可以使用open打开它,常见的文件I/O函数都可用于fifo。如:close、read、write、unlink等。
mmap 使用共享存储映射 重点,效率高
void *mmap(void *adrr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
mmap 的替换方案,匿名映射
int *p = mmap(NULL, 4, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
"4"随意举例,该位置表大小,可依实际需要填写。
本地套(C/S 模型)
ocket API原本是为网络通讯设计的,但后来在socket的框架上发展出一种IPC机制,就是UNIX Domain Socket。虽然网络socket也可用于同一台主机的进程间通讯(通过loopback地址127.0.0.1),但是UNIX Domain Socket用于IPC更有效率:不需要经过网络协议栈,不需要打包拆包、计算校验和、维护序号和应答等,只是将应用层数据从一个进程拷贝到另一个进程。这是因为,IPC机制本质上是可靠的通讯,而网络协议是为不可靠的通讯设计的。UNIX Domain Socket也提供面向流和面向数据包两种API接口,类似于TCP和UDP,但是面向消息的UNIX Domain Socket也是可靠的,消息既不会丢失也不会顺序错乱。
UNIX Domain Socket是全双工的,API接口语义丰富,相比其它IPC机制有明显的优越性,目前已成为使用最广泛的IPC机制,比如X Window服务器和GUI程序之间就是通过UNIXDomain Socket通讯的。
使用UNIX Domain Socket的过程和网络socket十分相似,也要先调用socket()创建一个socket文件描述符,address family指定为AF_UNIX,type可以选择SOCK_DGRAM或SOCK_STREAM,protocol参数仍然指定为0即可。
UNIX Domain Socket与网络socket编程最明显的不同在于地址格式不同,用结构体sockaddr_un表示,网络编程的socket地址是IP地址加端口号,而UNIX Domain Socket的地址是一个socket类型的文件在文件系统中的路径,这个socket文件由bind()调用创建,如果调用bind()时该文件已存在,则bind()错误返回。
对比网络套接字地址结构和本地套接字地址结构:
struct sockaddr_in {
__kernel_sa_family_t sin_family; /* Address family */ 地址结构类型
__be16 sin_port; /* Port number */ 端口号
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address */ IP地址
};
struct sockaddr_un {
__kernel_sa_family_t sun_family; /* AF_UNIX */ 地址结构类型
char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX]; /* pathname */ socket文件名(含路径)
};
以下程序将UNIX Domain socket绑定到一个地址。
size = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path);#define offsetof(type, member) ((int)&((type *)0)->MEMBER)
server代码
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>#define QLEN 10
/*
* Create a server endpoint of a connection.
* Returns fd if all OK, <0 on error.
*/
int serv_listen(const char *name)
{int fd, len, err, rval;struct sockaddr_un un;/* create a UNIX domain stream socket */if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)return(-1);/* in case it already exists */unlink(name); /* fill in socket address structure */memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;strcpy(un.sun_path, name);len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(name);/* bind the name to the descriptor */if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {rval = -2;goto errout;}if (listen(fd, QLEN) < 0) { /* tell kernel we're a server */rval = -3;goto errout;}return(fd);errout:err = errno;close(fd);errno = err;return(rval);
}
int serv_accept(int listenfd, uid_t *uidptr)
{int clifd, len, err, rval;time_t staletime;struct sockaddr_un un;struct stat statbuf;len = sizeof(un);if ((clifd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, &len)) < 0)return(-1); /* often errno=EINTR, if signal caught *//* obtain the client's uid from its calling address */len -= offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path); /* len of pathname */un.sun_path[len] = 0; /* null terminate */if (stat(un.sun_path, &statbuf) < 0) {rval = -2;goto errout;}if (S_ISSOCK(statbuf.st_mode) == 0) {rval = -3; /* not a socket */goto errout;}if (uidptr != NULL)*uidptr = statbuf.st_uid; /* return uid of caller *//* we're done with pathname now */unlink(un.sun_path); return(clifd);errout:err = errno;close(clifd);errno = err;return(rval);
}
int main(void)
{int lfd, cfd, n, i;uid_t cuid;char buf[1024];lfd = serv_listen("foo.socket");if (lfd < 0) {switch (lfd) {case -3:perror("listen"); break;case -2:perror("bind"); break;case -1:perror("socket"); break;}exit(-1);}cfd = serv_accept(lfd, &cuid);if (cfd < 0) {switch (cfd) {case -3:perror("not a socket"); break;case -2:perror("a bad filename"); break;case -1:perror("accept"); break;}exit(-1);}while (1) {
r_again:n = read(cfd, buf, 1024);if (n == -1) {if (errno == EINTR)goto r_again;}else if (n == 0) {printf("the other side has been closed.\n");break;}for (i = 0; i < n; i++)buf[i] = toupper(buf[i]);write(cfd, buf, n);}close(cfd);close(lfd);return 0;
}
client代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <errno.h>#define CLI_PATH "/var/tmp/" /* +5 for pid = 14 chars */
/*
* Create a client endpoint and connect to a server.
* Returns fd if all OK, <0 on error.
*/
int cli_conn(const char *name)
{int fd, len, err, rval;struct sockaddr_un un;/* create a UNIX domain stream socket */if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)return(-1);/* fill socket address structure with our address */memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;sprintf(un.sun_path, "%s%05d", CLI_PATH, getpid());len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path);/* in case it already exists */unlink(un.sun_path); if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {rval = -2;goto errout;}/* fill socket address structure with server's address */memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;strcpy(un.sun_path, name);len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(name);if (connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {rval = -4;goto errout;}
return(fd);errout:err = errno;close(fd);errno = err;return(rval);
}
int main(void)
{int fd, n;char buf[1024];fd = cli_conn("foo.socket");if (fd < 0) {switch (fd) {case -4:perror("connect"); break;case -3:perror("listen"); break;case -2:perror("bind"); break;case -1:perror("socket"); break;}exit(-1);}while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) != NULL) {write(fd, buf, strlen(buf));n = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);}close(fd);return 0;
}
对比 网络编程
广播
当我们绑定的IP地址的最后一位是255时,表示这是一个广播
192.168.31.255
类似这样的需求,局域网内,老师上课,下面的同学每个人都有一个电脑,可以显示老师屏幕上的东西,实际上大部分都用的UDP,和广播实现的。
server
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <net/if.h>#define SERVER_PORT 8000 /* 无关紧要 */
#define MAXLINE 1500#define BROADCAST_IP "192.168.42.255"
#define CLIENT_PORT 9000 /* 重要 */int main(void)
{int sockfd;struct sockaddr_in serveraddr, clientaddr;char buf[MAXLINE];/* 构造用于UDP通信的套接字 */sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);bzero(&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* IPv4 */serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* 本地任意IP INADDR_ANY = 0 */serveraddr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));int flag = 1;setsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &flag, sizeof(flag));/*构造 client 地址 IP+端口 192.168.7.255+9000 */bzero(&clientaddr, sizeof(clientaddr));clientaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;inet_pton(AF_INET, BROADCAST_IP, &clientaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);clientaddr.sin_port = htons(CLIENT_PORT);int i = 0;while (1) {sprintf(buf, "Drink %d glasses of water\n", i++);//fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin);sendto(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&clientaddr, sizeof(clientaddr));sleep(1);}close(sockfd);return 0;
}
client
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define MAXLINE 4096
#define CLIENT_PORT 9000int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{struct sockaddr_in localaddr;int confd;ssize_t len;char buf[MAXLINE];//1.创建一个socketconfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);//2.初始化本地端地址bzero(&localaddr, sizeof(localaddr));localaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;inet_pton(AF_INET, "0.0.0.0" , &localaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);localaddr.sin_port = htons(CLIENT_PORT);int ret = bind(confd, (struct sockaddr *)&localaddr, sizeof(localaddr)); //显示绑定不能省略if (ret == 0)printf("...bind ok...\n");while (1) {len = recvfrom(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, 0);write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, len);}close(confd);return 0;
}
组播
这是相对于广播来说的一个概念,广播是对所有的,组播是一部分
组播组可以是永久的也可以是临时的。组播组地址中,有一部分由官方分配的,称为永久组播组。永久组播组保持不变的是它的ip地址,组中的成员构成可以发生变化。永久组播组中成员的数量都可以是任意的,甚至可以为零。那些没有保留下来供永久组播组使用的ip组播地址,可以被临时组播组利用。
224.0.0.0~224.0.0.255 为预留的组播地址(永久组地址),地址224.0.0.0保留不做分配,其它地址供路由协议使用;
224.0.1.0~224.0.1.255 是公用组播地址,可以用于Internet;欲使用需申请。
224.0.2.0~238.255.255.255 为用户可用的组播地址(临时组地址),全网范围内有效;
239.0.0.0~239.255.255.255 为本地管理组播地址,仅在特定的本地范围内有效。
可使用ip ad命令查看网卡编号,如:
itcast$ ip ad
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:0a:c4:f4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe0a:c4f4/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
if_nametoindex 命令可以根据网卡名,获取网卡序号。
int setsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int optname, const void *optval, socklen_t optlen);
server:获取组播权限。
setsockopt(sockfd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &group, sizeof(group));
client:将本客户端加入组播。
setsockopt(confd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &group, sizeof(group));
int setsockopt(int sockfd, int level, int optname, const void *optval, socklen_t optlen);
server
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <net/if.h>#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define CLIENT_PORT 9000
#define MAXLINE 1500#define GROUP "239.0.0.2"int main(void)
{int sockfd;struct sockaddr_in serveraddr, clientaddr;char buf[MAXLINE] = "itcast\n";struct ip_mreqn group;sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0); /* 构造用于UDP通信的套接字 */bzero(&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));serveraddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* IPv4 */serveraddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); /* 本地任意IP INADDR_ANY = 0 */serveraddr.sin_port = htons(SERVER_PORT);bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&serveraddr, sizeof(serveraddr));inet_pton(AF_INET, GROUP, &group.imr_multiaddr); /* 设置组地址 */inet_pton(AF_INET, "0.0.0.0", &group.imr_address); /* 本地任意IP */group.imr_ifindex = if_nametoindex("eth0"); /* 给出网卡名,转换为对应编号: eth0 --> 编号 命令:ip ad */setsockopt(sockfd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_MULTICAST_IF, &group, sizeof(group)); /* 组播权限 */bzero(&clientaddr, sizeof(clientaddr)); /* 构造 client 地址 IP+端口 */clientaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;inet_pton(AF_INET, GROUP, &clientaddr.sin_addr.s_addr); /* IPv4 239.0.0.2+9000 */clientaddr.sin_port = htons(CLIENT_PORT);int i = 0;while (1) {sprintf(buf, "itcast %d\n", i++);//fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin);sendto(sockfd, buf, strlen(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&clientaddr, sizeof(clientaddr));sleep(1);}close(sockfd);return 0;
}
client
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <net/if.h>#define SERVER_PORT 8000
#define CLIENT_PORT 9000#define GROUP "239.0.0.2"int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{struct sockaddr_in localaddr;int confd;ssize_t len;char buf[BUFSIZ];struct ip_mreqn group; /* 组播结构体 */confd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);bzero(&localaddr, sizeof(localaddr)); /* 初始化 */localaddr.sin_family = AF_INET;inet_pton(AF_INET, "0.0.0.0" , &localaddr.sin_addr.s_addr);localaddr.sin_port = htons(CLIENT_PORT);bind(confd, (struct sockaddr *)&localaddr, sizeof(localaddr));inet_pton(AF_INET, GROUP, &group.imr_multiaddr); /* 设置组地址 */inet_pton(AF_INET, "0.0.0.0", &group.imr_address); /* 使用本地任意IP添加到组播组 */group.imr_ifindex = if_nametoindex("eth0"); /* 通过网卡名-->编号 ip ad */setsockopt(confd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, &group, sizeof(group));/* 设置client 加入多播组 */while (1) {len = recvfrom(confd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, NULL, 0);write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, len);}close(confd);return 0;
}