思维导图：

2试编程
封装一个动物的基类，类中有私有成员: 姓名，颜色，指针成员年纪
再封装一个狗这样类，共有继承于动物类，自己拓展的私有成员有:指针成员:腿的个数(整型 int count)，共有成员函数：会叫: void speak()
要求:分别完成基类和派生类中的:构造函数、析构函数、拷贝构造函数、拷贝赋值函数
eg
Dog d1;
Dog d2(.....);
Dog d3(d2);
d1 = d3,

#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Animal
{
private:string name;string color;int *age;
protected:public:Animal(){cout << "Animal::无参构造函数" << endl;}Animal(string name,string color,int age):name(name),color(color),age(new int(age)){cout << "Animal::有参构造函数" << endl;}~Animal(){cout << "Animal::析构函数" << endl;delete age;}Animal(const Animal &other):name(other.name),color(other.color),age(new int(*other.age)){cout << "Animal::拷贝构造函数" << endl;}Animal &operator=(const Animal &other){if(this != &other){name = other.name;color = other.color;age = new int(*other.age);}cout << "Animal::拷贝赋值函数" << endl;return *this;}void show(){cout << name << " " << color << " " << *age << " ";}
};
class Dog:public Animal
{
private:int *count;
public:void speak(){cout << "汪汪汪~" << endl;}Dog(){cout << "Dog::无参构造函数" << endl;}Dog(string name,string color,int age,int count):Animal(name,color,age),count(new int(count)){cout << "Dog::有参构造函数" << endl;}~Dog(){cout << "Dog::析构函数" << endl;delete count;}Dog(const Dog &other):Animal(other),count(new int(*other.count)){cout << "Dog::拷贝构造函数" << endl;}Dog &operator=(const Dog &other){if(this != &other){Animal::operator=(other);count = new int(*other.count);}cout << "Dog::拷贝赋值函数" << endl;return *this;}void show(){Animal::show();cout << *count << endl;}
};
int main()
{Dog d1;Dog d2("小黑","黑色",5,4);d2.show();Dog d3(d2);d3.show();d1=d3;d1.show();return 0;
}

运行结果：

3.编程题
以下是一个简单的比喻，将多态概念与生活中的实际情况相联系:
比喻:动物园的讲解员和动物表演
想象一下你去了一家动物园，看到了许多不同种类的动物，如狮子、大象、猴子等。现在，动物园里有一位讲解员，他会为每种动物表演做简单的介绍。
在这个场景中，我们可以将动物比作是不同的类，而每种动物表演则是类中的函数。而讲解员则是一个基类，他可以根据每种动物 的特点和表演，进行相应的介绍。
具体过程如下
定义一个基类Animal，其中有一个虚函数perform ()，用于在子类中实现不同的表演行为 

 

#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Animal
{
private:string name;string color;int *age;
protected:public:Animal(){cout << "Animal::无参构造函数" << endl;}Animal(string name,string color,int age):name(name),color(color),age(new int(age)){cout << "Animal::有参构造函数" << endl;}~Animal(){cout << "Animal::析构函数" << endl;delete age;}Animal(const Animal &other):name(other.name),color(other.color),age(new int(*other.age)){cout << "Animal::拷贝构造函数" << endl;}Animal &operator=(const Animal &other){if(this != &other){name = other.name;color = other.color;age = new int(*other.age);}cout << "Animal::拷贝赋值函数" << endl;return *this;}virtual void perform() = 0;void show(){cout << name << " " << color << " " << *age << " ";}
};
class Elephant:public Animal
{
private:int *count;
public:void perform(){cout << "喷水  吃香蕉" << endl;}Elephant(){cout << "Elephant::无参构造函数" << endl;}Elephant(string name,string color,int age,int count):Animal(name,color,age),count(new int(count)){cout << "Elephant::有参构造函数" << endl;}~Elephant(){cout << "Elephant::析构函数" << endl;delete count;}Elephant(const Elephant &other):Animal(other),count(new int(*other.count)){cout << "Elephant::拷贝构造函数" << endl;}Elephant &operator=(const Elephant &other){if(this != &other){Animal::operator=(other);count = new int(*other.count);}cout << "Dog::拷贝赋值函数" << endl;return *this;}void show(){Animal::show();cout << *count << endl;}
};
class Lion:public Animal
{
private:int *count;
public:void perform(){cout << "钻火圈" << endl;}Lion(){cout << "Lion::无参构造函数" << endl;}Lion(string name,string color,int age,int count):Animal(name,color,age),count(new int(count)){cout << "Lion::有参构造函数" << endl;}~Lion(){cout << "Lion::析构函数" << endl;delete count;}Lion(const Lion &other):Animal(other),count(new int(*other.count)){cout << "Lion::拷贝构造函数" << endl;}Lion &operator=(const Lion &other){if(this != &other){Animal::operator=(other);count = new int(*other.count);}cout << "Dog::拷贝赋值函数" << endl;return *this;}void show(){Animal::show();cout << *count << endl;}
};
int main()
{Elephant e1("大象","五彩",6,4);Lion l1("狮子","棕黄色",4,4);e1.perform();l1.perform();return 0;
}