什么是命令模式
命令模式,把请求封装成对象,以便使用不同的请求、队列或者日志请求来参数化其他对象,并支持可撤回的操作。
为什么会有命令模式
假设要设置一个遥控器,遥控器需要控制多个设备,每个设备除了开关,可能还会有属于自己的一些特定的函数,如下图所示:
如果按照常规的设计思路,遥控器中需要包含很多if … else判断,且每次新增设备,都需要入侵到遥控器内部代码中修改,这是一个糟糕的设计,
命令模式的特点
命令模式能把动作的请求者,从实际执行动作的对象解耦。通过在设计中引入命令对象,把一些事情(像开灯)封装成一个特定对象。
如果按下遥控器,遥控器会请求命令对象去做一些事情,遥控器并不知道实际的工作内容是什么。这就相当于把遥控器和灯解耦了。
当你需要把做出请求的对象,从知道如何执行请求的对象解耦时候,可以使用命令模式。
命令模式的类图
代码案例
- Command接口
public interface Command {public void execute();public void undo();
}
- 设备类
public class Light {private String name;public void on() {System.out.println("light on");}public void off() {System.out.println("light off");}public Light(String name) {this.name = name;}
}
- 命令对象-关灯
public class LightOffCommand implements Command{Light light;public LightOffCommand(Light light) {this.light = light;}@Overridepublic void execute() {light.off();}@Overridepublic void undo() {light.on();}
}
- 命令对象-开灯
public class LightOnCommand implements Command {Light light;public LightOnCommand(Light light) {this.light = light;}@Overridepublic void execute() {light.on();}@Overridepublic void undo() {light.off();}
}
- 命令对象-空对象
public class NoCommand implements Command{@Overridepublic void execute() {}@Overridepublic void undo() {}
}
空对象经常在设计模式中用到,可以免除对null的判断
- 命令的接受者-相当于遥控器类
public class RemoteControllerWithUndo {Command[] onCommands;Command[] offCommands;Command undoCommand;public RemoteControllerWithUndo() {onCommands = new Command[7];offCommands = new Command[7];Command noCommand = new NoCommand();for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {onCommands[i] = noCommand;offCommands[i] = noCommand;}undoCommand = noCommand;}public void setCommands(int slot, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {onCommands[slot] = onCommand;offCommands[slot] = offCommand;}public void onButtonWasPushed(int slot) {onCommands[slot].execute();undoCommand = onCommands[slot];}public void offButtonWasPushed(int slot) {offCommands[slot].execute();undoCommand = offCommands[slot];}public void undoButtonWasPushed() {undoCommand.undo();}@Overridepublic String toString() {StringBuffer stringBuffer = new StringBuffer();stringBuffer.append("\n --- Remote Control --- \n");for (int i = 0; i < onCommands.length; i++) {stringBuffer.append("[slot " + i + "] " + onCommands[i].getClass().getName()+ " " + offCommands[i].getClass().getName() + "\n");}return stringBuffer.toString();}
}
- 命令的调用者
public class RemoteLoader {public static void main(String[] args) {RemoteControllerWithUndo remoteControllerWithUndo = new RemoteControllerWithUndo();Light livingRoomLight = new Light("living Room");LightOnCommand livingOnCommand = new LightOnCommand(livingRoomLight);LightOffCommand lightOffCommand = new LightOffCommand(livingRoomLight);remoteControllerWithUndo.setCommands(0, livingOnCommand, lightOffCommand);remoteControllerWithUndo.onButtonWasPushed(0);remoteControllerWithUndo.offButtonWasPushed(0);System.out.println(remoteControllerWithUndo);remoteControllerWithUndo.undoButtonWasPushed();}
}
- 结果
命令模式的应用
请求队列、日志请求