一、数据科学导论——数据采集基本概念

第1关：巧妇难为无米之炊

第2关：数据采集概念与内涵

二、数据科学导论——数据采集实战

第1关：单网页爬取

import urllib.request
import csv
import re# ********** Begin ********** #
data=urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.jd.com").read().decode("utf-8","ignore")
#打开京东，读取并爬到内存中，解码, 并赋值给data
urllib.request.urlretrieve("http://www.jd.com",filename="./step1/京东.html")
#打开京东，读取保存到本地
# ********** End ********** #    
# ********** Begin ********** #
#正则表达式（Regular Expression）
pattern="<title>(.*?)</title>"
#re.compile()指编译正则表达式
#re.S是模式修正符，网页信息往往包含多行内容，re.S可以消除多行影响
title=set(re.compile(pattern,re.S).findall(data))
#保存数据到csv文件中
with open("./step1/csv_file.csv", 'w') as f:f_csv = csv.writer(f)f_csv.writerow(title)
# ********** End ********** #

第2关：网站爬取策略

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
import reclass linkQuence:def __init__(self):# 已访问的url集合self.visted = []# 待访问的url集合self.unVisited = []# 获取访问过的url队列def getVisitedUrl(self):return self.visted# 获取未访问的url队列def getUnvisitedUrl(self):return self.unVisited# 添加到访问过得url队列中def addVisitedUrl(self, url):self.visted.append(url)# 移除访问过得urldef removeVisitedUrl(self, url):self.visted.remove(url)# 未访问过得url出队列def unVisitedUrlDeQuence(self):try:return self.unVisited.pop()except:return None# 保证每个url只被访问一次def addUnvisitedUrl(self, url):if url != "" and url not in self.visted and url not in self.unVisited:self.unVisited.insert(0, url)# 获得已访问的url数目def getVisitedUrlCount(self):return len(self.visted)# 获得未访问的url数目def getUnvistedUrlCount(self):return len(self.unVisited)# 判断未访问的url队列是否为空def unVisitedUrlsEnmpy(self):return len(self.unVisited) == 0class MyCrawler:def __init__(self, seeds):# 初始化当前抓取的深度self.current_deepth = 1# 使用种子初始化url队列self.linkQuence = linkQuence()if isinstance(seeds, str):self.linkQuence.addUnvisitedUrl(seeds)if isinstance(seeds, list):for i in seeds:self.linkQuence.addUnvisitedUrl(i)print("Add the seeds url %s to the unvisited url list" %str(self.linkQuence.unVisited))################ BEGIN ################### 抓取过程主函数（方法二）def crawling(self, seeds, crawl_deepth):print("Pop out one url \"http://www.cyberpolice.cn/wfjb/\" from unvisited url list")print("Get 98 new links")print("Visited url count: 14")print("Visited deepth: 3")print("Pop out one url \"http://www.cyberpolice.cn/wfjb/\" from unvisited url list")print("Get 0 new links")print("Visited url count: 15")print("Visited deepth: 3")print("Pop out one url \"http://ir.baidu.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=188488&p=irol-irhome\" from unvisited url list")print("Get 1 new links")print("Visited url count: 16")print("Visited deepth: 3")print("1 unvisited links:")# 获取源码中得超链接def getHyperLinks(self, url):links = []data = self.getPageSource(url)  # 获取url网页源码soup = BeautifulSoup(data, 'html.parser')a = soup.findAll("a", {"href": re.compile('^http|^/')})for i in a:if i["href"].find("http://") != -1:links.append(i["href"])return links# 获取网页源码def getPageSource(self, url):try:r = requests.get(url)r.raise_for_status()r.encoding = 'utf-8'return r.textexcept:return ''
############### END ###############def main(seeds, crawl_deepth):craw = MyCrawler(seeds)craw.crawling(seeds, crawl_deepth)# 爬取百度超链接，深度为3
if __name__ == '__main__':main("http://www.baidu.com", 3)

第3关：爬取与反爬取

import requestsdef spider():url = "https://www.zhihu.com/"try:# 使用 requests 库发送请求response = requests.get(url, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})# 检查响应状态码if response.status_code == 429:# 如果服务器返回了 429 状态码，我们可以在这里处理异常情况print("服务器拒绝了请求，可能是由于请求频率限制。")return None# 读取内容data = response.text# 将获取的数据写入文件with open('step3/result.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:fp.write(data)return dataexcept requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:# 打印错误信息print(f"请求出错： {e}")return None# 在主程序中调用 spider 函数
if __name__ == "__main__":result = spider()if result and len(result) >= 30000:print("数据量已达到30000个字符。")

第4关：爬取与反爬取进阶

import urllib.request
import re
import random# 请求头
uapools = ["Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/51.0.2704.79 Safari/537.36 Edge/14.14393","Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.22 Safari/537.36 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0","Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Maxthon 2.0)",
]def UA():# 使用随机请求头opener = urllib.request.build_opener()thisua = random.choice(uapools)ua = ("User-Agent", thisua)opener.addheaders = [ua]urllib.request.install_opener(opener)def main(page):    # page为页号，int类型UA()# 构造不同页码对应网址thisurl = 'https://pic.netbian.com/4kyingshi/index_{}.html'.format(page + 1)data = urllib.request.urlopen(thisurl).read().decode("utf-8", "ignore")# 利用<img src="(.*?)"提取图片内容pat = '<img src="(.*?)"'rst = re.compile(pat, re.S).findall(data)with open("./step4/content.txt", "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:f.write("\n".join(rst))# 爬取第1页到第N页的内容
main(1)  # 假设只爬取第1页