SQLAlchemy
1.介绍
SQLAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。该框架建立在 DB API之上，使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作，简言之便是：将类和对象转换成SQL，然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
pip3 install sqlalchemy
组成部分：
Engine，框架的引擎
Connection Pooling ，数据库连接池
Dialect，选择连接数据库的DB API种类
Schema/Types，架构和类型
SQL Exprression Language，SQL表达式语言
SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库，其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件，Dialect用于和数据API进行交流，根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API，从而实现对数据库的操作，如：
MySQL-Pythonmysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>pymysqlmysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]MySQL-Connectormysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>cx_Oracleoracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]更多：http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/index.html
django中如何反向生成models
python manage.py inspectdb > app/models.py
2.简单使用（能创建表，删除表，不能修改表）
修改表：在数据库添加字段，类对应上
1执行原生sql（不常用）
import time
import threading
import sqlalchemy
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.engine.base import Engineengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/test?charset=utf8",max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接pool_size=5, # 连接池大小pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）
)
def task(arg):conn = engine.raw_connection()cursor = conn.cursor()cursor.execute("select * from app01_book")result = cursor.fetchall()print(result)cursor.close()conn.close()for i in range(20):t = threading.Thread(target=task, args=(i,))t.start()
2 orm使用
models.py
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
Base = declarative_base()class Users(Base):__tablename__ = 'users' # 数据库表名称id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) # id 主键name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=False) # name列，索引，不可为空# email = Column(String(32), unique=True)#datetime.datetime.now不能加括号，加了括号，以后永远是当前时间# ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)# extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)__table_args__ = (# UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'), #联合唯一# Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'email'), #索引)def init_db():"""根据类创建数据库表:return:"""engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接pool_size=5, # 连接池大小pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）)Base.metadata.create_all(engine)def drop_db():"""根据类删除数据库表:return:"""engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa?charset=utf8",max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接pool_size=5, # 连接池大小pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间，否则报错pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收（重置）)Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)if __name__ == '__main__':# drop_db()init_db()
app.py
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Users
#"mysql+pymysql://root@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa"
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Connection = sessionmaker(bind=engine)# 每次执行数据库操作时，都需要创建一个Connection
con = Connection()# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="lqz")
con.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
con.commit()# 关闭session，其实是将连接放回连接池
con.close()
3.一对多关系
class Hobby(Base):__tablename__ = 'hobby'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')class Person(Base):__tablename__ = 'person'nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)# hobby指的是tablename而不是类名，uselist=Falsehobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))# 跟数据库无关，不会新增字段，只用于快速链表操作# 类名，backref用于反向查询hobby=relationship('Hobby',backref='pers')
4.多对多关系
class Boy2Girl(Base):__tablename__ = 'boy2girl'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)girl_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('girl.id'))boy_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('boy.id'))class Girl(Base):__tablename__ = 'girl'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)class Boy(Base):__tablename__ = 'boy'id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)# 与生成表结构无关，仅用于查询方便,放在哪个单表中都可以servers = relationship('Girl', secondary='boy2girl', backref='boys')
5.操作数据表
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from models import Usersengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/aaa", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)# 每次执行数据库操作时，都需要创建一个session
session = Session()# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="lqz")
session.add(obj1)# 提交事务
session.commit()
# 关闭session
session.close()
6.基于scoped_session实现线程安全
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
from models import Usersengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)"""
# 线程安全，基于本地线程实现每个线程用同一个session
# 特殊的：scoped_session中有原来方法的Session中的一下方法：public_methods = ('__contains__', '__iter__', 'add', 'add_all', 'begin', 'begin_nested','close', 'commit', 'connection', 'delete', 'execute', 'expire','expire_all', 'expunge', 'expunge_all', 'flush', 'get_bind','is_modified', 'bulk_save_objects', 'bulk_insert_mappings','bulk_update_mappings','merge', 'query', 'refresh', 'rollback','scalar'
)
"""
#scoped_session类并没有继承Session,但是却又它的所有方法
session = scoped_session(Session)
# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1)# 提交事务
session.commit()
# 关闭session
session.close()
7.基本增删查改
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import textfrom db import Users, Hostsengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)session = Session()# ################ 添加 ################
"""
obj1 = Users(name="wupeiqi")
session.add(obj1)session.add_all([Users(name="lqz"),Users(name="egon"),Hosts(name="c1.com"),
])
session.commit()
"""# ################ 删除 ################
"""
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 修改 ################
"""
#传字典
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name" : "lqz"})
#类似于django的F查询
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
"""
# ################ 查询 ################
"""
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
#只取age列，把name重命名为xx
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()
#filter传的是表达式，filter_by传的是参数
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "lqz").all()
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').all()
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').first()
#:value 和:name 相当于占位符，用params传参数
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(Users.id).all()
#自定义查询sql
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
"""#增，删，改都要commit()
session.close()
8.常用操作
# 条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='lqz').all()
#表达式，and条件连接
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 1, Users.name == 'eric').all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.between(1, 3), Users.name == 'eric').all()
#注意下划线
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
#~非，除。。外
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.id.in_([1,3,4])).all()
#二次筛选
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.id.in_(session.query(Users.id).filter_by(name='eric'))).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_, or_
#or_包裹的都是or条件，and_包裹的都是and条件
ret = session.query(Users).filter(and_(Users.id > 3, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2, Users.name == 'eric')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(or_(Users.id < 2,and_(Users.name == 'eric', Users.id > 3),Users.extra != "")).all()# 通配符，以e开头，不以e开头
ret = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like('e%')).all()
ret = session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like('e%')).all()# 限制，用于分页，区间
ret = session.query(Users)[1:2]# 排序，根据name降序排列（从大到小）
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
#第一个条件重复后，再按第二个条件升序排
ret = session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()# 分组
from sqlalchemy.sql import funcret = session.query(Users).group_by(Users.extra).all()
#分组之后取最大id，id之和，最小id
ret = session.query(func.max(Users.id),func.sum(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).all()
#haviing筛选
ret = session.query(func.max(Users.id),func.sum(Users.id),func.min(Users.id)).group_by(Users.name).having(func.min(Users.id) >2).all()# 连表（默认用forinkey关联）ret = session.query(Users, Favor).filter(Users.id == Favor.nid).all()
#join表，默认是inner join
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor).all()
#isouter=True 外连，表示Person left join Favor，没有右连接，反过来即可
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True).all()
#打印原生sql
aa=session.query(Person).join(Favor, isouter=True)
print(aa)
# 自己指定on条件（连表条件）,第二个参数，支持on多个条件，用and_,同上
ret = session.query(Person).join(Favor,Person.id==Favor.id, isouter=True).all()
# 组合（了解）UNION 操作符用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集
#union和union all的区别？
q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union(q2).all()q1 = session.query(Users.name).filter(Users.id > 2)
q2 = session.query(Favor.caption).filter(Favor.nid < 2)
ret = q1.union_all(q2).all()
9.执行原生sql
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hostsengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)session = Session()# 查询
# cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
# result = cursor.fetchall()# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'lqz'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)session.close()
10.一对多
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Personengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([Hobby(caption='乒乓球'),Hobby(caption='羽毛球'),Person(name='张三', hobby_id=3),Person(name='李四', hobby_id=4),
])person = Person(name='张九', hobby=Hobby(caption='姑娘'))
session.add(person)
#添加二
hb = Hobby(caption='人妖')
hb.pers = [Person(name='文飞'), Person(name='博雅')]
session.add(hb)session.commit()
"""# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Person).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.hobby.caption)
"""# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Hobby).first()
print(v.caption)
print(v.pers)
"""
#方式一，自己链表
# person_list=session.query(models.Person.name,models.Hobby.caption).join(models.Hobby,isouter=True).all()
person_list=session.query(models.Person,models.Hobby).join(models.Hobby,isouter=True).all()
for row in person_list:# print(row.name,row.caption)print(row[0].name,row[1].caption)#方式二：通过relationshipperson_list=session.query(models.Person).all()
for row in person_list:print(row.name,row.hobby.caption)
#查询喜欢姑娘的所有人
obj=session.query(models.Hobby).filter(models.Hobby.id==1).first()
persons=obj.pers
print(persons)
session.close()
11.多对多
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Groupengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()
# 添加
"""
session.add_all([Server(hostname='c1.com'),Server(hostname='c2.com'),Group(name='A组'),Group(name='B组'),
])
session.commit()s2g = Server2Group(server_id=1, group_id=1)
session.add(s2g)
session.commit()gp = Group(name='C组')
gp.servers = [Server(hostname='c3.com'),Server(hostname='c4.com')]
session.add(gp)
session.commit()ser = Server(hostname='c6.com')
ser.groups = [Group(name='F组'),Group(name='G组')]
session.add(ser)
session.commit()
"""# 使用relationship正向查询
"""
v = session.query(Group).first()
print(v.name)
print(v.servers)
"""# 使用relationship反向查询
"""
v = session.query(Server).first()
print(v.hostname)
print(v.groups)
"""session.close()
12.其它
import time
import threadingfrom sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, relationship
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.sql import text, func
from sqlalchemy.engine.result import ResultProxy
from db import Users, Hosts, Hobby, Person, Group, Server, Server2Groupengine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8", max_overflow=0, pool_size=5)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()# 关联子查询:correlate(Group)表示跟Group表做关联，as_scalar相当于对该sql加括号，用于放在后面当子查询
subqry = session.query(func.count(Server.id).label("sid")).filter(Server.id == Group.id).correlate(Group).as_scalar()
result = session.query(Group.name, subqry)
"""
SELECT `group`.name AS group_name, (SELECT count(server.id) AS sid
FROM server
WHERE server.id = `group`.id) AS anon_1
FROM `group`
"""
'''select * from tb where id in [select id from xxx];select id,name,#必须保证此次查询只有一个值(select max(id) from xxx) as mid
from tb例如，第三个字段只能有一个值
id name mid
1 lqz 1，2 不合理
2 egon 2'''
'''
成绩表：
id sid cid score
1 1 物理 99
2 1 化学 88
3 2 物理 95学生表：
id name 每个学生总分数
1 xx 88
2 yy 77select id，name,
(select avr(score) from 成绩表 where 成绩表.sid=学生表.id) as x
from 学生表
subqry = session.query(func.count(成绩表.scort).label("sc")).filter(学生表.id == 成绩表.sid).correlate(学生表).as_scalar()
result = session.query(学生表.name, subqry)'''# 原生SQL
"""
# 查询
cursor = session.execute('select * from users')
result = cursor.fetchall()# 添加
cursor = session.execute('insert into users(name) values(:value)',params={"value":'wupeiqi'})
session.commit()
print(cursor.lastrowid)
"""session.close()
13.Flask-SQLAlchemy
flask和SQLAchemy的管理者，通过他把他们做连接
db = SQLAlchemy()- 包含配置- 包含ORM基类- 包含create_all- engine- 创建连接
离线脚本，创建表
详见代码
flask-migrate
python3 manage.py db init 初始化：只执行一次
python3 manage.py db migrate 等同于 makemigartions
python3 manage.py db upgrade 等同于migrate
)
