- 在
java
中使用final
声明常量 - 在
kotlin
中使用const val
声明常量
常量在编译为字节码后会直接把调用常量的地方直接替换为常量值,示例如下:
public class ConstDemo {public static final String NAME = "Even";private static final int ID = 1001;static final int YEAR = 2024;public final int color = 255;public static int width = 100;public int height = 200;public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println(NAME);System.out.println(NAME);System.out.println(ID);System.out.println(ID);System.out.println(YEAR);System.out.println(YEAR);ConstDemo demo = new ConstDemo();System.out.println(demo.color);System.out.println(demo.color);final int number = 9;System.out.println(number);System.out.println(number);System.out.println("--------------------------------");final int count;if (width > 100) {count = 1;} else {count = 2;}System.out.println(count);System.out.println(count);System.out.println(width);System.out.println(width);System.out.println(demo.height);System.out.println(demo.height);int weight = 99;System.out.println(weight);System.out.println(weight);}}
编译后得到class字节码,在IntelliJ中可以直接双击这个class字节码,它是自带反编译器,效果如下:
public class ConstDemo {public static final String NAME = "Even";private static final int ID = 1001;static final int YEAR = 2024;public final int color = 255;public static int width = 100;public int height = 200;public ConstDemo() {}public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println("Even");System.out.println("Even");System.out.println(1001);System.out.println(1001);System.out.println(2024);System.out.println(2024);ConstDemo demo = new ConstDemo();PrintStream var10000 = System.out;Objects.requireNonNull(demo);var10000.println(255);var10000 = System.out;Objects.requireNonNull(demo);var10000.println(255);int number = true;System.out.println(9);System.out.println(9);System.out.println("--------------------------------");byte count;if (width > 100) {count = 1;} else {count = 2;}System.out.println(count);System.out.println(count);System.out.println(width);System.out.println(width);System.out.println(demo.height);System.out.println(demo.height);int weight = 99;System.out.println(weight);System.out.println(weight);}
}
如上代码,可以发现,只要是final修饰的变量在调用时直接被常量值替代了,有一个例外,就是在局部变量中声明的final int count;
,它不是在声明时直接赋值的,而是经过一个if
判断之后才赋值的,所以需要在运行时才能确定它的值是多少,所以在编译为字节码时调用该变量的地方没有被常量值替换,因为此时不知道它的值是多少。
另外也看到了一些有趣的地方,编译时编译器会有一些优化,比如int number = true;
还能这样啊?没搞懂,它的final
被去掉了,count
中地final
修饰符也被去掉了,而且类型变成了byte
类型,编译器通过if
中的判断得出值不是1就是2,用byte
足已,所以改成了byte
类型。
基于这个常量的特性,我们可以猜到,通过反射也是无法修改final类型的常量的,示例如下:
public class ConstDemo {public static final int age = 18;public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {Field field = ConstDemo.class.getField("age");System.out.println("age = " + field.get(null));field.set(null, 30);System.out.println(age);}
}
运行结果如下:
age = 18
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalAccessException: Can not set static final int field ConstDemo.age to java.lang.Integerat java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.UnsafeFieldAccessorImpl.throwFinalFieldIllegalAccessException(UnsafeFieldAccessorImpl.java:76)at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.UnsafeFieldAccessorImpl.throwFinalFieldIllegalAccessException(UnsafeFieldAccessorImpl.java:80)at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.UnsafeQualifiedStaticIntegerFieldAccessorImpl.set(UnsafeQualifiedStaticIntegerFieldAccessorImpl.java:77)at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Field.set(Field.java:799)at ConstDemo.main(ConstDemo.java:9)
从这里也可以看出,为什么常量在编译为class字节码之后,调用它的地方已经被常量值所替换,为什么常量的声明语句还保留了,因为还是有可能会被用到的,比如我们通过反射读取该常量的值,这是需要在运行时才能完成的,无法在编译阶段就直接使用常量值替代的。
再来看一个Demo:
public class ConstDemo {public final int age = 18;public static final ConstDemo demo = new ConstDemo();public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {System.out.println(demo);System.out.println(demo);System.out.println(demo.age);System.out.println(demo.age);}
}
编译为字节码后,再反编译结果如下:
public class ConstDemo {public final int age = 18;public static final ConstDemo demo = new ConstDemo();public ConstDemo() {}public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {System.out.println(demo);System.out.println(demo);PrintStream var10000 = System.out;Objects.requireNonNull(demo);var10000.println(18);var10000 = System.out;Objects.requireNonNull(demo);var10000.println(18);}
}
可以看到声明为非原始类型的final
常量在编译为字节码时无法使用常量值代替,因为它是一个对象,而对象的内存地址得在运行时才能确定,所以这种不应该叫常量的,所以,kotlin在这方面就做的比较好,表示一个变量不可改变用val
,表示一个常量用const val
,分得更加清楚,示例如下:
const val NAME = "Even"class ConstDemo {val width = 100var height = 200companion object {const val ID = 1001@JvmStaticfun main(args: Array<String>) {println(NAME)println(NAME)println(ID)println(ID)val demo = ConstDemo()println(demo.width)println(demo.height)}}}
可以看到,声明常量的地方只能是顶级属性或者companion object
中,要查看反编译,如果直接在IntelliJ中找到class文件然后双击会发现反编译不了,我们可以这样查看:工具 > Kotlin > 显示Kotlin字节码 > 反编译,结果如下:
public final class ConstDemo {private final int width = 100;private int height = 200;public static final int ID = 1001;public final int getWidth() {return this.width;}public final int getHeight() {return this.height;}public final void setHeight(int var1) {this.height = var1;}public static final void main(@NotNull String[] args) {Intrinsics.checkNotNullParameter(args, "args");String var2 = "Even";System.out.println(var2);var2 = "Even";System.out.println(var2);short var4 = 1001;System.out.println(var4);var4 = 1001;System.out.println(var4);ConstDemo demo = new ConstDemo();int var3 = demo.getWidth();System.out.println(var3);var3 = demo.getHeight();System.out.println(var3);}
}public final class ConstDemoKt {@NotNullpublic static final String NAME = "Even";
}
在Kotlin中,常量只能是8大原始类型,不能是对象类型的,如下代码在编译器就报错了:
声明常量有什么好处?这里我想到之前写的一篇文章:https://blog.csdn.net/android_cai_niao/article/details/113571171