文章目录
- 一、AVL树的概念
- 二、AVL树的旋转
- 1、左单旋
- 2、右单旋
- 3、左右双旋
- 4、右左双旋
- 三、AVL树的基本实现
- 四、AVL树的性能
一、AVL树的概念
二叉搜索树虽可以缩短查找的效率,但如果数据有序或接近有序二叉搜索树将退化为单支树,查找元素相当于在顺序表中搜索元素,效率低下。
因此,两位俄罗斯的数学家G.M.Adelson-Velskii和E.M.Landis在1962年发明了一种解决上述问题的方法:
当向二叉搜索树中插入新结点后,如果能保证每个结点的左右子树高度之差的绝对值不超过1(需要对树中的结点进行调整),即可降低树的高度,从而减少平均搜索长度。
一棵AVL树或者是空树,或者是具有以下性质的二叉搜索树:
它的左右子树都是AVL树
左右子树高度之差(简称平衡因子)的绝对值不超过1(-1/0/1)
二、AVL树的旋转
由于插入节点后,平衡因子会发生变化,从而使绝对值大于1,所以就需要去旋转,而旋转就有4中情况。
1、左单旋
代码实现
void RotateL(Node* parent){Node* subR = parent->_right;Node* subRL = subR->_left;parent->_right = subRL;subR->_left = parent;Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;parent->_parent = subR;if (subRL)subRL->_parent = parent;if (_root == parent){_root = subR;subR->_parent = nullptr;}else{if (parentParent->_left == parent){parentParent->_left = subR;}else{parentParent->_right = subR;}subR->_parent = parentParent;}parent->_bf = subR->_bf = 0;}
2、右单旋
代码实现
void RotateR(Node* parent){Node* subL = parent->_left;Node* subLR = subL->_right;parent->_left = subLR;if (subLR)subLR->_parent = parent;Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;subL->_right = parent;parent->_parent = subL;if (_root == parent){_root = subL;subL->_parent = nullptr;}else{if (parentParent->_left == parent){parentParent->_left = subL;}else{parentParent->_right = subL;}subL->_parent = parentParent;}subL->_bf = parent->_bf = 0;}
3、左右双旋
右左双旋可以直接调用,右单旋,然后再左单旋,但需要注意的是,调用后,并没有完成,因为平衡因子还不是正确的值。
平衡因子也分为三种情况,以下图为例:
当60的平衡因子为0时,平衡因子皆为0,
当60的平衡因子为1时,60的平衡因子为0,30的平衡因子为-1,90的平衡因子为0
当60的平衡因子为-1时,60的平衡因子为0,30的平衡因子为0,90的平衡因子为1
代码实现
void RotateLR(Node* parent){Node* subL = parent->_left;Node* subLR = subL->_right;subLR = subL->_right;int bf = subLR->_bf;RotateL(parent->_left);RotateR(parent);if (bf == -1){subLR->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = 0;parent->_bf = 1;}else if (bf == 0){subLR->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = 0;parent->_bf = 0;}else if (bf == 1){subLR->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = -1;parent->_bf = 0;}else{assert(false);}}
4、右左双旋
右左双旋可以直接调用,右单旋,然后再左单旋,但需要注意的是,调用后,并没有完成,因为平衡因子还不是正确的值。
平衡因子也分为三种情况,以下图为例:
当60的平衡因子为0时,平衡因子皆为0,
当60的平衡因子为1时,60的平衡因子为0,30的平衡因子为-1,90的平衡因子为0
当60的平衡因子为-1时,60的平衡因子为0,30的平衡因子为0,90的平衡因子为1
代码实现
void RotateRL(Node* parent){Node* subR = parent->_right;Node* subRL = subR->_left;int bf = subRL->_bf;RotateR(parent->_right);RotateL(parent);if (bf == 0){// subRL自己就是新增parent->_bf = subR->_bf = subRL->_bf = 0;}else if (bf == -1){// subRL的左子树新增parent->_bf = 0;subRL->_bf = 0;subR->_bf = 1;}else if (bf == 1){// subRL的右子树新增parent->_bf = -1;subRL->_bf = 0;subR->_bf = 0;}else{assert(false);}}
三、AVL树的基本实现
AVL树的节点实现
template<class K, class V>
struct AVLTreeNode
{AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _left;AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _right;AVLTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;pair<K, V> _kv;int _bf; // balance factorAVLTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv):_left(nullptr), _right(nullptr), _parent(nullptr), _kv(kv), _bf(0){}
};
AVL树的插入实现
class AVLTree
{typedef AVLTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv){if (_root == nullptr){_root = new Node(kv);return true;}Node* parent = nullptr;Node* cur = _root;while (cur){if (cur->_kv.first < kv.first){parent = cur;cur = cur->_right;}else if (cur->_kv.first > kv.first){parent = cur;cur = cur->_left;}else{return false;}}cur = new Node(kv);if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first){parent->_right = cur;cur->_parent = parent;}else{parent->_left = cur;cur->_parent = parent;}while (parent){if (cur == parent->_left){parent->_bf--;}else{parent->_bf++;}if (parent->_bf == 0){break;}else if (parent->_bf == 1 || parent->_bf == -1){cur = parent;parent = parent->_parent;}else if (parent->_bf == 2 || parent->_bf == -2){if (parent->_bf == 2 && cur->_bf == 1){RotateL(parent);}else if (parent->_bf == -2 && cur->_bf == -1){RotateR(parent);}else if (parent->_bf == 2 && cur->_bf == -1){RotateRL(parent);}else if (parent->_bf == -2 && cur->_bf == 1){RotateLR(parent);}// 1、旋转让这颗子树平衡了// 2、旋转降低了这颗子树的高度,恢复到跟插入前一样的高度,所以对上一层没有影响,不用继续更新break;}else{assert(false);}}return true;}void RotateLR(Node* parent){Node* subL = parent->_left;Node* subLR = subL->_right;subLR = subL->_right;int bf = subLR->_bf;RotateL(parent->_left);RotateR(parent);if (bf == -1){subLR->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = 0;parent->_bf = 1;}else if (bf == 0){subLR->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = 0;parent->_bf = 0;}else if (bf == 1){subLR->_bf = 0;subL->_bf = -1;parent->_bf = 0;}else{assert(false);}}void RotateRL(Node* parent){Node* subR = parent->_right;Node* subRL = subR->_left;int bf = subRL->_bf;RotateR(parent->_right);RotateL(parent);if (bf == 0){// subRL自己就是新增parent->_bf = subR->_bf = subRL->_bf = 0;}else if (bf == -1){// subRL的左子树新增parent->_bf = 0;subRL->_bf = 0;subR->_bf = 1;}else if (bf == 1){// subRL的右子树新增parent->_bf = -1;subRL->_bf = 0;subR->_bf = 0;}else{assert(false);}}void RotateL(Node* parent){Node* subR = parent->_right;Node* subRL = subR->_left;parent->_right = subRL;subR->_left = parent;Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;parent->_parent = subR;if (subRL)subRL->_parent = parent;if (_root == parent){_root = subR;subR->_parent = nullptr;}else{if (parentParent->_left == parent){parentParent->_left = subR;}else{parentParent->_right = subR;}subR->_parent = parentParent;}parent->_bf = subR->_bf = 0;}void RotateR(Node* parent){Node* subL = parent->_left;Node* subLR = subL->_right;parent->_left = subLR;if (subLR)subLR->_parent = parent;Node* parentParent = parent->_parent;subL->_right = parent;parent->_parent = subL;if (_root == parent){_root = subL;subL->_parent = nullptr;}else{if (parentParent->_left == parent){parentParent->_left = subL;}else{parentParent->_right = subL;}subL->_parent = parentParent;}subL->_bf = parent->_bf = 0;}private:Node* _root=nullptr;
};
四、AVL树的性能
AVL树是一棵绝对平衡的二叉搜索树,其要求每个节点的左右子树高度差的绝对值都不超过1,这样可以保证查询时高效的时间复杂度,即 l o g 2 ( N ) log_2 (N) log2(N)。但是如果要对AVL树做一些结构修改的操作,性能非常低下,比如:插入时要维护其绝对平衡,旋转的次数比较多,更差的是在删除时,有可能一直要让旋转持续到根的位置。因此:如果需要一种查询高效且有序的数据结构,而且数据的个数为静态的(即不会改变),可以考虑AVL树,但一个结构经常修改,就不太适合。