原文链接; https://blog.csdn.net/brucewong0516/article/details/79121179?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant_t0.none-task-blog-BlogCommendFromBaidu-1.control&depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_relevant_t0.none-task-blog-BlogCommendFromBaidu-1.control
通过之前四篇的介绍:
- 【python】python中的类,对象,方法,属性初认识(一)详见链接
- 【python】详解类class的属性:类数据属性、实例数据属性、特殊的类属性、属性隐藏(二)详见链接
- 【python】详解类class的方法:实例方法、类方法、静态方法(三)详见链接
- 【python】详解类class的访问控制:单下划线与双下划线_(四)详见链接
Python中类相关的一些基本点已经比较完整清晰了,本文继续深入Python中类的继承和_ _slots _ _属性。
1、继承
- 在Python中,同时支持单继承与多继承,一般语法如下:
class SubClassName(ParentClass1 [, ParentClass2, ...]):class_suite
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- 实现继承之后,子类将继承父类的属性,也可以使用内建函数insubclass()来判断一个类是不是另一个类的子孙类:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sun Jan 21 22:33:09 2018
@author: BruceWong
“”"
class Parent(object):
‘’’
parent class
‘’’
numList = []
def numdiff(self, a, b):
return a-b
class Child(Parent):
pass
c = Child()
# subclass will inherit attributes from parent class
#子类继承父类的属性
Child.numList.extend(range(10))
print(Child.numList)
print(“77 - 2 =”, c.numdiff(77, 2))
# built-in function issubclass()
print(issubclass(Child, Parent))
print(issubclass(Child, object))
# bases can show all the parent classes
#bases属性查看父类
print(‘the bases are:’,Child.bases)
# doc string will not be inherited
#doc属性不会被继承
print(Parent.doc)
print(Child.doc)
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代码的输出为:
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
77 - 2 = 75
True
True
the bases are: (<class '__main__.Parent'>,)
parent <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span>
None
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例子中唯一特别的地方是文档字符串。文档字符串对于类,函数/方法,以及模块来说是唯一的,也就是说doc属性是不能从父类中继承来的。
2、继承中的_ _init_ _
当在Python中出现继承的情况时,一定要注意初始化函数_init_的行为:
- 如果子类没有定义自己的初始化函数,父类的初始化函数会被默认调用;但是如果要实例化子类的对象,则只能传入父类的初始化函数对应的参数,否则会出错。
- 如果子类定义了自己的初始化函数,而在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化
- 如果子类定义了自己的初始化函数,在子类中显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化
2.1、子类没有定义自己的初始化函数,父类的初始化函数会被默认调用:
#定义父类:Parent
class Parent(object):def __init__(self, name):self.name = nameprint("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)print("name attribute is:", self.name)
#定义子类Child ,继承父类Parent
class Child(Parent):pass
#子类实例化时,由于子类没有初始化,此时父类的初始化函数就会默认被调用
#且必须传入父类的参数name
c = Child("init Child")
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子类实例化时,由于子类没有初始化,此时父类的初始化函数就会默认被调用,此时传入父类的参数name,输出结果为:
create an instance of: Child
name attribute is: init Child
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如果不传入父类的参数name:
class Parent(object):def __init__(self, name):self.name = nameprint("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)print("name attribute is:", self.name)
class Child(Parent):
pass
#c = Child(“init Child”)
#print()
c = Child()
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没有传入父类name参数的输出结果会报错:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “<ipython-input-11-9a7781a6f192>”, line 1, in <module>
runfile(‘C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py’, wdir=‘C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3’)
File “C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py”, line 866, in runfile
execfile(filename, namespace)
File “C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py”, line 102, in execfile
exec(compile(f.read(), filename, ‘exec’), namespace)
File “C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py”, line 54, in <module>
c = Child()
TypeError: init() missing 1 required positional argument: 'name’
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2.2、子类定义了自己的初始化函数,而在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化
class Parent(object):def __init__(self, name):self.name = nameprint("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)print("name attribute is:", self.name)
#子类继承父类
class Child(Parent):#子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数def __init__(self):print("call __init__ from Child class")
#c = Child("init Child")
#print()
#将子类实例化
c = Child()
print(c.name)
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在子类中没有显示调用父类的初始化函数,则父类的属性不会被初始化,因而此时调用子类中name属性不存在:
AttributeError: ‘Child’ object has no attribute ‘name’
call __init__ from Child class
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “<ipython-input-12-9a7781a6f192>”, line 1, in <module>
runfile(‘C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py’, wdir=‘C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3’)
File “C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py”, line 866, in runfile
execfile(filename, namespace)
File “C:\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\spyder\utils\site\sitecustomize.py”, line 102, in execfile
exec(compile(f.read(), filename, ‘exec’), namespace)
File “C:/Users/BruceWong/.spyder-py3/类的继承.py”, line 56, in <module>
print(c.name)
AttributeError: ‘Child’ object has no attribute 'name’
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2.3、如果子类定义了自己的初始化函数,显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化
class Parent(object):def __init__(self, name):self.name = nameprint("create an instance of:", self.__class__.__name__)print("name attribute is:", self.name)
class Child(Parent):
def init(self):
print(“call init from Child class”)
super(Child,self).init(“data from Child”) #要将子类Child和self传递进去
#c = Child(“init Child”)
#print()
d = Parent(‘tom’)
c = Child()
print(c.name)
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子类定义了自己的初始化函数,显示调用父类,子类和父类的属性都会被初始化的输出结果:
#实例化父类Parent的结果
create an instance of: Parent
name attribute is: tom
#实例化子类Child的结果
call init from Child class
#super首先会先使得父类初始化的参数进行实例化
create an instance of: Child
name attribute is: data from Child
data from Child
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3、super的使用详解
- super主要来调用父类方法来显示调用父类,在子类中,一般会定义与父类相同的属性(数据属性,方法),从而来实现子类特有的行为。也就是说,子类会继承父类的所有的属性和方法,子类也可以覆盖父类同名的属性和方法。
class Parent(object):Value = "Hi, Parent value"def fun(self):print("This is from Parent")
#定义子类,继承父类
class Child(Parent):Value = "Hi, Child value"def ffun(self):print("This is from Child")
c = Child()
c.fun()
c.ffun()
print(Child.Value)
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输出结果:
This is from Parent
This is from Child
Hi, Child value
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但是,有时候可能需要在子类中访问父类的一些属性,可以通过父类名直接访问父类的属性,当调用父类的方法是,需要将”self”显示的传递进去的方式:
class Parent(object):Value = "Hi, Parent value"def fun(self):print("This is from Parent")
class Child(Parent):
Value = “Hi, Child value”
def fun(self):
print(“This is from Child”)
Parent.fun(self) #调用父类Parent的fun函数方法
c = Child()
c.fun()
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输出结果:
This is from Child
This is from Parent #实例化子类Child的fun函数时,首先会打印上条的语句,再次调用父类的fun函数方法
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这种方式有一个不好的地方就是,需要经父类名硬编码到子类中,为了解决这个问题,可以使用Python中的super关键字:
class Parent(object):Value = "Hi, Parent value"def fun(self):print("This is from Parent")
class Child(Parent):
Value = “Hi, Child value”
def fun(self):
print(“This is from Child”)
#Parent.fun(self)
super(Child,self).fun() #相当于用super的方法与上一调用父类的语句置换
c = Child()
c.fun()
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输出结果:
This is from Child
This is from Parent #实例化子类Child的fun函数时,首先会打印上条的语句,再次调用父类的fun函数方法
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