Python微信订餐小程序课程视频

https://edu.csdn.net/course/detail/36074

Python实战量化交易理财系统

https://edu.csdn.net/course/detail/35475

AUTOVACUUM

AUTOVACUUM 简介

PostgreSQL 提供了 AUTOVACUUM 的机制。

autovacuum 不仅会自动进行 VACUUM，也会自动进行 ANALYZE，以分析统计信息用于执行计划。

在 postgresql.conf 中，autovacuum 参数已默认打开。

|  | autovacuum = on |

autovacuum 打开后，会有一个 autovacuum launcher 进程

|  | $ ps -ef|grep postgres|grep autovacuum|grep -v grep |
|  | postgres 28398 28392 0 Nov13 ? 00:00:19 postgres: autovacuum launcher  |

在 pg_stat_activity 也可以看到 backend_type 为 autovacuum launcher 的连接:

|  | psql -d alvindb -U postgres |
|  | alvindb=# \x |
|  | Expanded display is on. |
|  | alvindb=# SELECT * FROM pg\_stat\_activity WHERE backend\_type = 'autovacuum launcher'; |
|  | -[ RECORD 1 ]----+------------------------------ |
|  | datid |  |
|  | datname |  |
|  | pid | 28398 |
|  | usesysid |  |
|  | usename |  |
|  | application\_name |  |
|  | client\_addr |  |
|  | client\_hostname |  |
|  | client\_port |  |
|  | backend\_start | 2021-11-13 23:18:00.406618+08 |
|  | xact\_start |  |
|  | query\_start |  |
|  | state\_change |  |
|  | wait\_event\_type | Activity |
|  | wait\_event | AutoVacuumMain |
|  | state |  |
|  | backend\_xid |  |
|  | backend\_xmin |  |
|  | query |  |
|  | backend\_type | autovacuum launcher |

那么 AUTOVACUUM 多久运行一次？

autovacuum launcher 会每隔 autovacuum_naptime ，创建 autovacuum worker，检查是否需要做 autovacuum。

|  | psql -d alvindb -U postgres |
|  | alvindb=# SELECT * FROM pg\_stat\_activity WHERE backend\_type = 'autovacuum worker'; |
|  | -[ RECORD 1 ]----+------------------------------ |
|  | datid | 13220 |
|  | datname | postgres |
|  | pid | 32457 |
|  | usesysid | |
|  | usename | |
|  | application\_name | |
|  | client\_addr | |
|  | client\_hostname | |
|  | client\_port | |
|  | backend\_start | 2021-11-06 23:32:53.880281+08 |
|  | xact\_start | |
|  | query\_start | |
|  | state\_change | |
|  | wait\_event\_type | |
|  | wait\_event | |
|  | state | |
|  | backend\_xid | |
|  | backend\_xmin | |
|  | query | |
|  | backend\_type | autovacuum worker |

autovacuum_naptime 默认为 1min：

|  | #autovacuum\_naptime = 1min # time between autovacuum runs |

autovacuum 又是根据什么标准决定是否进行 VACUUM 和 ANALYZE 呢?

当 autovacuum worker 检查到，

dead tuples 大于 vacuum threshold 时，会自动进行 VACUUM。

vacuum threshold 公式如下：

|  | vacuum threshold = vacuum base threshold + vacuum scale factor * number of tuples |

增删改的行数据大于 analyze threshold 时，会自动进行 ANALYZE。

analyze threshold 公式如下：

|  | analyze threshold = analyze base threshold + analyze scale factor * number of tuples |

对应 postgresql.conf 中相关参数如下：

|  | #autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before vacuum |
|  | #autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before analyze |
|  | #autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum |
|  | #autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze |

dead tuples 为 pg_stat_user_tables.n_dead_tup(Estimated number of dead rows)

|  | alvindb=> SELECT * FROM pg\_stat\_user\_tables WHERE schemaname = 'alvin' AND relname = 'tb\_test\_vacuum'; |
|  | -[ RECORD 1 ]-------+--------------- |
|  | relid | 37409 |
|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | seq\_scan | 2 |
|  | seq\_tup\_read | 0 |
|  | idx\_scan | 0 |
|  | idx\_tup\_fetch | 0 |
|  | n\_tup\_ins | 0 |
|  | n\_tup\_upd | 0 |
|  | n\_tup\_del | 0 |
|  | n\_tup\_hot\_upd | 0 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 0 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | last\_vacuum | |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |
|  | last\_analyze | |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | |
|  | vacuum\_count | 0 |
|  | autovacuum\_count | 0 |
|  | analyze\_count | 0 |
|  | autoanalyze\_count | 0 |

那么 number of tuples 是哪个列的值？是 pg_stat_user_tables.n_live_tup(Estimate number of live rows)？还是实际的 count 值?

其实是 pg_class.reltuples (Estimate number of live rows in the table used by the planner)。

|  | alvindb=> SELECT u.schemaname,u.relname,c.reltuples,u.n\_live\_tup,u.n\_mod\_since\_analyze,u.n\_dead\_tup,u.last\_autoanalyze,u.last\_autovacuum |
|  | FROM |
|  |  pg\_stat\_user\_tables u, pg\_class c, pg\_namespace n |
|  | WHERE n.oid = c.relnamespace |
|  | AND c.relname = u.relname |
|  | AND n.nspname = u.schemaname |
|  | AND u.schemaname = 'alvin' |
|  | AND u.relname = 'tb\_test\_vacuum' |
|  | -[ RECORD 1 ]-------+--------------- |
|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | reltuples | 0 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 0 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

所以 AUTO VACUUM 具体公式如下：

|  | pg\_stat\_user\_tables.n\_dead\_tup > autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold + autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor * pg\_class.reltuples |

同理，AUTO ANALYZE 具体公式如下：

|  | pg\_stat\_user\_tables.n\_mod\_since\_analyze > autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold + autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor * pg\_class.reltuples |

精准触发 AUTOVACUUM

下面实测一下 autovacuum。为了测试方便，autovacuum_naptime 临时修改为 5s，这样触发了临界条件，只需要等 5s 就能看到效果，而不是等 1min。

修改参数如下:

|  | autovacuum\_naptime = 5s |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold = 100 # min number of row updates before vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold = 100 # min number of row updates before analyze |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze |

接下来通过一步一步测试，精准触发 autovacuum。

为了方便测试，通过如下 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 计算需要删除或修改的数据行数。

|  | alvindb=> WITH v AS ( |
|  | SELECT * FROM |
|  |  (SELECT setting AS autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor FROM pg\_settings WHERE name = 'autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor') vsf, |
|  |  (SELECT setting AS autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold FROM pg\_settings WHERE name = 'autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold') vth, |
|  |  (SELECT setting AS autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor FROM pg\_settings WHERE name = 'autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor') asf, |
|  |  (SELECT setting AS autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold FROM pg\_settings WHERE name = 'autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold') ath |
|  | ), |
|  | t AS ( |
|  | SELECT |
|  |  c.reltuples,u.* |
|  | FROM |
|  |  pg\_stat\_user\_tables u, pg\_class c, pg\_namespace n |
|  | WHERE n.oid = c.relnamespace |
|  | AND c.relname = u.relname |
|  | AND n.nspname = u.schemaname |
|  | AND u.schemaname = 'alvin' |
|  | AND u.relname = 'tb\_test\_vacuum' |
|  | ) |
|  | SELECT |
|  |  schemaname, |
|  |  relname, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold, |
|  |  n\_live\_tup, |
|  |  reltuples, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger, |
|  |  n\_mod\_since\_analyze, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger - n\_mod\_since\_analyze AS rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze, |
|  |  last\_autoanalyze, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger, |
|  |  n\_dead\_tup, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger - n\_dead\_tup AS rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum, |
|  |  last\_autovacuum |
|  | FROM ( |
|  | SELECT |
|  |  schemaname, |
|  |  relname, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold, |
|  | floor(autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor::numeric * reltuples) + 1 + autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold::int AS autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger, |
|  | floor(autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor::numeric * reltuples) + 1 + autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold::int AS autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger, |
|  |  reltuples, |
|  |  n\_live\_tup, |
|  |  n\_dead\_tup, |
|  |  n\_mod\_since\_analyze, |
|  |  last\_autoanalyze, |
|  |  last\_autovacuum |
|  | FROM |
|  |  v, |
|  |  t) a; |
|  | -[ RECORD 1 ]---------------------+--------------- |
|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 100 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 100 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 0 |
|  | reltuples | 0 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 101 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 101 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 101 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 101 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

根据计算公式，

|  | pg\_stat\_user\_tables.n\_mod\_since\_analyze > 100 + 0.1 * 0 |

即当修改的行数大于 100，即为 101 时，将触发 AUTO ANALYZE。

先插入 100 行数据，

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:45:57.669183+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb\_test\_vacuum(test\_num) SELECT gid FROM generate\_series(1,100,1) gid; |
|  | INSERT 0 100 |

此时，通过如下计算可以看到，再更新 1 行，将触发 AUTO ANALYZE。

|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 100 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 100 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 100 |
|  | reltuples | 0 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 101 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 100 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 1 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze |  |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 101 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 101 |
|  | last\_autovacuum |  |

此时，统计信息为空:

|  | alvindb=> SELECT * FROM pg\_stats WHERE schemaname = 'alvin' AND tablename = 'tb\_test\_vacuum'; |
|  | (0 rows) |

现在插入最后一条数据，

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:46:31.034422+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb\_test\_vacuum(test\_num) SELECT gid FROM generate\_series(101,101,1) gid; |
|  | INSERT 0 1 |

执行 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL， 可以看到，已触发 AUTO ANALYZE:

|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 100 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 100 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 101 |
|  | reltuples | 101 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 111 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 111 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 20:46:39.88796+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 121 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 121 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

可以看到表 tb_test_vacuum 统计信息已更新：

|  | alvindb=> SELECT * FROM pg\_stats WHERE schemaname = 'alvin' AND tablename = 'tb\_test\_vacuum'; |

查看 PostgreSQL 日志，可以看到

|  | [ 2021-11-06 20:46:39.887 CST 6816 6186792f.1aa0 1 3/173948 13179359]LOG: automatic analyze of table "alvindb.alvin.tb\_test\_vacuum" system usage: CPU: user: 0.00 s, system: 0.00 s, elapsed: 0.00 s |

PostgreSQL 日志中是否记录 AUTOVACUUM 由参数 log_autovacuum_min_duration 控制，默认关闭。

|  | #log\_autovacuum\_min\_duration = -1 # -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and |
|  | # their durations, > 0 logs only |
|  | # actions running at least this number |
|  | # of milliseconds. |

可将该参数改为 0，即记录所有的 AUTOVACUUM 操作。

|  | log\_autovacuum\_min\_duration = 0 |

从 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 的执行结果得知，再修改 111 行将触发 AUTO ANALYZE。

|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 111 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 121 |

先修改 110 行，并 sleep 6s。

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------ |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:47:30.75553+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> INSERT INTO tb\_test\_vacuum(test\_num) SELECT gid FROM generate\_series(102,111,1) gid; |
|  | INSERT 0 10 |
|  | alvindb=> UPDATE tb\_test\_vacuum SET test\_num = test\_num WHERE test\_num <= 100; |
|  | UPDATE 100 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:47:43.465651+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

从 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 的执行结果得知，修改后 110 行并 sleep 6s (前面已将 autovacuum_naptime 设置成了 5s)后，AUTO ANALYZE 并未触发。

|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 100 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 100 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 111 |
|  | reltuples | 101 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 111 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 110 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 1 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 20:46:39.88796+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 121 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 100 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 21 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

再修改 1 行预计将触发 AUTO ANALYZE。此时删除一行：

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:47:55.746411+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> DELETE FROM tb\_test\_vacuum WHERE test\_id = 111; |
|  | DELETE 1 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:48:01.796389+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

从 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 的查询结果中的 last_autoanalyze 得知，已精准触发 AUTO ANALYZE。

并且从 rows_to_delete_before_auto_vacuum 得知，预计删除 22 行后，将触发 AUTO VACUUM。

|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 100 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 100 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 110 |
|  | reltuples | 110 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 112 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 112 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 20:48:04.928899+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 123 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 101 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 22 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

先删除 (UPDATE = DELETE + INSERT) 21 行：

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:48:32.313706+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  |  |
|  | alvindb=> UPDATE tb\_test\_vacuum SET test\_num = test\_num WHERE test\_num <= 21; |
|  | UPDATE 21 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:48:38.454997+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

从 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 的查询结果中的 last_autovacuum 得知，还未触发 AUTO VACUUM。

并且从 rows_to_delete_before_auto_vacuum 得知，预计删除 1 行后，将触发 AUTO VACUUM。

|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 100 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 100 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 110 |
|  | reltuples | 110 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 112 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 21 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 91 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 20:48:04.928899+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 123 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 122 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 1 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

此时删除一行

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:48:39.174009+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  |  |
|  | alvindb=> DELETE FROM tb\_test\_vacuum WHERE test\_id = 110; |
|  | DELETE 1 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 20:48:45.213537+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

从 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 的查询结果中的 last_autovacuum 得知，已精准触发 AUTO VACUUM！

|  | schemaname | alvin |
|  | relname | tb\_test\_vacuum |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 100 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 100 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 109 |
|  | reltuples | 109 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 111 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 22 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 89 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 20:48:04.928899+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 122 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 122 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | 2021-11-06 20:48:49.914345+08 |

查看 PostgreSQL 日志，可以看到

|  | [ 2021-11-06 20:48:49.914 CST 7207 618679b1.1c27 1 3/174162 0]LOG: automatic vacuum of table "alvindb.alvin.tb\_test\_vacuum": index scans: 1 |
|  | pages: 0 removed, 1 remain, 0 skipped due to pins, 0 skipped frozen |
|  | tuples: 123 removed, 109 remain, 0 are dead but not yet removable, oldest xmin: 13179371 |
|  | buffer usage: 59 hits, 4 misses, 4 dirtied |
|  | avg read rate: 121.832 MB/s, avg write rate: 121.832 MB/s |
|  | system usage: CPU: user: 0.00 s, system: 0.00 s, elapsed: 0.00 s |
|  | buffer usage: 59 hits, 4 misses, 4 dirtied |
|  | avg read rate: 121.832 MB/s, avg write rate: 121.832 MB/s |
|  | system usage: CPU: user: 0.00 s, system: 0.00 s, elapsed: 0.00 s |

那么问题来了，autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor 为 0.2 对于所有的表都合适吗？1 亿数据量的表有 2000 万 dead tuples 以上才会触发 AUTO VACUUM，这意味着表越大越不容易触发 AUTO VACUUM。怎么可以解决这个问题呢？

精准触发表级 AUTOVACUUM

可以根据需要，在表上设置合理的 autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor。对于大表，可以设置小点的 autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor，如 0.1。

下面带你一步一步设置并精确触发表级的 AUTO ANALYZE 和 AUTO VACUUM。

这次将采用大一点的数据量进行测试。考虑到手动创建表，插入数据等比较麻烦，接下来测试利用 PostgreSQL 自带的工具 pgbench。

使用 pgbench 创建 10 万行数据的测试表：

|  | $ pgbench -i alvindb |
|  | dropping old tables... |
|  | creating tables... |
|  | generating data... |
|  | 100000 of 100000 tuples (100%) done (elapsed 0.38 s, remaining 0.00 s) |
|  | vacuuming... |
|  | creating primary keys... |
|  | done. |

修改表级参数：

|  | alvindb=> ALTER TABLE pgbench\_accounts SET (autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor = 0.1, autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold = 2000); |
|  | ALTER TABLE |
|  | alvindb=> ALTER TABLE pgbench\_accounts SET (autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor = 0.05, autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold = 2000); |
|  | ALTER TABLE |

按照之前 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL ，可知要修改 11001 行才会触发 AUTO ANALYZE， 要有约 21001 个 dead tuples 才会触发 AUTO VACUUM。

|  | schemaname | public |
|  | relname | pgbench\_accounts |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.2 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 1000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 1000 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 100000 |
|  | reltuples | 100000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 11001 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_auto\_analyze | 11001 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 21001 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_auto\_vacuum | 21001 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |
|  |  |

现在设置了表级的参数以后，从如下 表级 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL ，可知修改 7001 行就可以触发 AUTO ANALYZE， 有约 12001 个 dead tuples 就可以触发 AUTO VACUUM。更重要的是，表级的 AUTOVACUUM 参数不会对其他表产生影响，只对已设置的表有效，也可以对不同大小的表设置不同的参数，还可以随时调整！

表级 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL

|  | alvindb=> WITH v AS ( |
|  | SELECT (SELECT split\_part(x, '=', 2) FROM unnest(c.reloptions) q (x) WHERE x ~ '^autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor=' ) as autovacuum\_vacuum\_ |
|  | scale\_factor, |
|  |  (SELECT split\_part(x, '=', 2) FROM unnest(c.reloptions) q (x) WHERE x ~ '^autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold=' ) as autovacuum\_vacuum\_thresh |
|  | old, |
|  |  (SELECT split\_part(x, '=', 2) FROM unnest(c.reloptions) q (x) WHERE x ~ '^autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor=' ) as autovacuum\_analyze\_s |
|  | cale\_factor, |
|  |  (SELECT split\_part(x, '=', 2) FROM unnest(c.reloptions) q (x) WHERE x ~ '^autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold=' ) as autovacuum\_analyze\_thre |
|  | shold |
|  | FROM pg\_class c |
|  | LEFT JOIN pg\_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace |
|  | WHERE n.nspname IN ('public') |
|  | AND c.relname = 'pgbench\_accounts' |
|  | ), |
|  | t AS ( |
|  | SELECT |
|  |  c.reltuples,u.* |
|  | FROM |
|  |  pg\_stat\_user\_tables u, pg\_class c, pg\_namespace n |
|  | WHERE n.oid = c.relnamespace |
|  | AND c.relname = u.relname |
|  | AND n.nspname = u.schemaname |
|  | AND u.schemaname = 'public' |
|  | AND u.relname = 'pgbench\_accounts' |
|  | ) |
|  | SELECT |
|  |  schemaname, |
|  |  relname, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold, |
|  |  n\_live\_tup, |
|  |  reltuples, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger, |
|  |  n\_mod\_since\_analyze, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger - n\_mod\_since\_analyze AS rows\_to\_mod\_before\_analyze, |
|  |  last\_autoanalyze, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger, |
|  |  n\_dead\_tup, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger - n\_dead\_tup AS rows\_to\_delete\_before\_vacuum, |
|  |  last\_autovacuum |
|  | FROM ( |
|  | SELECT |
|  |  schemaname, |
|  |  relname, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor, |
|  |  autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold, |
|  | floor(autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor::numeric * reltuples) + 1 + autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold::int AS autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger, |
|  | floor(autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor::numeric * reltuples) + 1 + autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold::int AS autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger, |
|  |  reltuples, |
|  |  n\_live\_tup, |
|  |  n\_dead\_tup, |
|  |  n\_mod\_since\_analyze, |
|  |  last\_autoanalyze, |
|  |  last\_autovacuum |
|  | FROM |
|  |  v, |
|  |  t) a; |
|  | -[ RECORD 1 ]-------------------+----------------- |
|  | schemaname | public |
|  | relname | pgbench\_accounts |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.05 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 100000 |
|  | reltuples | 100000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 7001 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_analyze | 7001 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 12001 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_vacuum | 12001 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

现在已预测到要修改的行数，接下来一步一步来触发一下表级的 AUTO ANALYZE 和 AUTO VACUUM。

先删除 7000 行数据：

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:03.252622+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> DELETE FROM pgbench\_accounts WHERE aid<=7000; |
|  | DELETE 7000 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:09.363536+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

根据表级 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 执行结果的 rows_to_mod_before_analyze 得知，再修改 1 行将触发 AUTO ANALYZE:

|  | schemaname | public |
|  | relname | pgbench\_accounts |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.05 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 93000 |
|  | reltuples | 100000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 7001 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 7000 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_analyze | 1 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 12001 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 7000 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_vacuum | 5001 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

再修改 1 行：

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:30.649717+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> UPDATE pgbench\_accounts SET bid = bid WHERE aid=7001; |
|  | UPDATE 1 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:36.705928+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

根据表级 AUTOVACUUM 计算 SQL 执行结果的 last_autoanalyze 得知，已精准触发 AUTO ANALYZE！

|  | schemaname | public |
|  | relname | pgbench\_accounts |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.05 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 93000 |
|  | reltuples | 93000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 6651 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_analyze | 6651 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 23:33:40.87317+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 11301 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 7001 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_vacuum | 4300 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

从 PostgreSQL 日志中也可以看到 AUTO ANALYZE 被触发了：

|  | [ 2021-11-06 23:33:40.873 CST 32646 6186a054.7f86 1 6/1393 13179750]LOG: automatic analyze of table "alvindb.public.pgbench\_accounts" syst |
|  | em usage: CPU: user: 0.04 s, system: 0.03 s, elapsed: 0.11 s |

并且，根据 rows_to_delete_before_vacuum 得知，再删除 4300 行就可以触发 AUTO VACUUM。

接下来先删除 4299 行，以测试临界值：

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:43.867176+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> UPDATE pgbench\_accounts SET bid = bid WHERE aid>=95702; |
|  | UPDATE 4299 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:50.016447+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

autovacuum_naptime 为 5s，此时并未触发 AUTO VACUUM。

|  | schemaname | public |
|  | relname | pgbench\_accounts |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.05 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 93000 |
|  | reltuples | 93000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 6651 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 4299 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_analyze | 2352 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 23:33:40.87317+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 11301 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 11300 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_vacuum | 1 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | |

再删除 (UPDATE = DELETE + INSERT) 1 行 :

|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:53.326483+08 |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> UPDATE pgbench\_accounts SET bid = bid WHERE aid=7002; |
|  | UPDATE 1 |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT pg\_sleep(6); |
|  |  pg\_sleep  |
|  | ---------- |
|  |  |
|  | (1 row) |
|  | alvindb=> SELECT clock\_timestamp(); |
|  |  clock\_timestamp  |
|  | ------------------------------- |
|  | 2021-11-06 23:33:59.439375+08 |
|  | (1 row) |

从如下结果中的 last_autovacuum 得知，此时已精确触发 AUTO VACUUM！

|  | schemaname | public |
|  | relname | pgbench\_accounts |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_scale\_factor | 0.1 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_scale\_factor | 0.05 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_threshold | 2000 |
|  | n\_live\_tup | 93000 |
|  | reltuples | 93000 |
|  | autovacuum\_analyze\_trigger | 6651 |
|  | n\_mod\_since\_analyze | 4300 |
|  | rows\_to\_mod\_before\_analyze | 2351 |
|  | last\_autoanalyze | 2021-11-06 23:33:40.87317+08 |
|  | autovacuum\_vacuum\_trigger | 11301 |
|  | n\_dead\_tup | 0 |
|  | rows\_to\_delete\_before\_vacuum | 11301 |
|  | last\_autovacuum | 2021-11-06 23:34:00.956936+08 |

从 PostgreSQL 日志中也可以看到 AUTO VACUUM 被触发了：

|  | [ 2021-11-06 23:34:00.956 CST 32710 6186a068.7fc6 1 6/1455 0]LOG: automatic vacuum of table "alvindb.public.pgbench\_accounts": index scans |
|  | : 1 |
|  | pages: 0 removed, 421 remain, 0 skipped due to pins, 0 skipped frozen |
|  | tuples: 2 removed, 93000 remain, 0 are dead but not yet removable, oldest xmin: 13179755 |
|  | buffer usage: 967 hits, 60 misses, 7 dirtied |
|  | avg read rate: 10.067 MB/s, avg write rate: 1.174 MB/s |
|  | system usage: CPU: user: 0.01 s, system: 0.00 s, elapsed: 0.18 s |

公众号

关注 DBA Daily 公众号，第一时间收到文章的更新。
通过一线 DBA 的日常工作，学习实用数据库技术干货！

公众号优质文章推荐

PostgreSQL VACUUM 之深入浅出

华山论剑之 PostgreSQL sequence

[PG Upgrade Series] Extract Epoch Trap

[PG Upgrade Series] Toast Dump Error

GitLab supports only PostgreSQL now

MySQL or PostgreSQL?

PostgreSQL hstore Insight

ReIndex 失败原因调查

PG 数据导入 Hive 乱码问题调查

PostGIS 扩展创建失败原因调查