JWT认证简单介绍
关于Jwt的介绍网上很多,此处不在赘述,我们主要看看jwt的结构。
JWT主要由三部分组成,如下:
HEADER.PAYLOAD.SIGNATURE
HEADER包含token的元数据,主要是加密算法,和签名的类型,如下面的信息,说明了
加密的对象类型是JWT,加密算法是HMAC SHA-256
{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}
然后需要通过BASE64编码后存入token中
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9
Payload主要包含一些声明信息(claim),这些声明是key-value对的数据结构。
通常如用户名,角色等信息,过期日期等,因为是未加密的,所以不建议存放敏感信息。
{"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name":"admin","exp":1578645536,"iss":"webapi.cn","aud":"WebApi"}
也需要通过BASE64编码后存入token中
eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9
Signaturejwt要符合jws(Json Web Signature)的标准生成一个最终的签名。把编码后的Header和Payload信息加在一起,然后使用一个强加密算法,如 HmacSHA256,进行加密。HS256(BASE64(Header).Base64(Payload),secret)
2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4
最后生成的token如下
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4
开发环境
框架:asp.net 3.1
IDE:VS2019
ASP.NET 3.1 Webapi中使用JWT认证
命令行中执行执行以下命令,创建webapix项目:
dotnet new webapi -n Webapi -o WebApi
特别注意的时,3.x默认是没有jwt的Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer库的,所以需要手动添加NuGet Package,切换到项目所在目录,执行 .net cli命令
dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer --version 3.1.0
创建一个简单的POCO类,用来存储签发或者验证jwt时用到的信息
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace Webapi.Models{public class TokenManagement{[JsonProperty("secret")]public string Secret { get; set; }[JsonProperty("issuer")]public string Issuer { get; set; }[JsonProperty("audience")]public string Audience { get; set; }[JsonProperty("accessExpiration")]public int AccessExpiration { get; set; }[JsonProperty("refreshExpiration")]public int RefreshExpiration { get; set; }}
}
然后在 appsettings.Development.json 增加jwt使用到的配置信息(如果是生成环境在appsettings.json添加即可)
"tokenManagement": {"secret": "123456","issuer": "webapi.cn","audience": "WebApi","accessExpiration": 30,"refreshExpiration": 60}
然后再startup类的ConfigureServices方法中增加读取配置信息
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services){services.AddControllers();services.Configure<TokenManagement>(Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement"));var token = Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement").Get<TokenManagement>();}
到目前为止,我们完成了一些基础工作,下面再webapi中注入jwt的验证服务,并在中间件管道中启用authentication中间件。
startup类中要引用jwt验证服务的命名空间
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
然后在ConfigureServices方法中添加如下逻辑
services.AddAuthentication(x =>{x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;}).AddJwtBearer(x =>{x.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;x.SaveToken = true;x.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters{ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(token.Secret)),ValidIssuer = token.Issuer,ValidAudience = token.Audience,ValidateIssuer = false,ValidateAudience = false};});
再Configure方法中启用验证
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env){if (env.IsDevelopment()){app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();}app.UseHttpsRedirection();app.UseAuthentication();app.UseRouting();app.UseAuthorization();app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>{endpoints.MapControllers();});}
上面完成了JWT验证的功能,下面就需要增加签发token的逻辑。我们需要增加一个专门用来用户认证和签发token的控制器,命名成AuthenticationController,同时增加一个请求的DTO类
public class LoginRequestDTO{[Required][JsonProperty("username")]public string Username { get; set; }[Required][JsonProperty("password")]public string Password { get; set; }}
[Route("api/[controller]")][ApiController]public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase{[AllowAnonymous][HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request){if (!ModelState.IsValid){return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}return Ok();}}
目前上面的控制器只实现了基本的逻辑,下面我们要创建签发token的服务,去完成具体的业务。第一步我们先创建对应的服务接口,命名为IAuthenticateService
public interface IAuthenticateService{bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token);}
接下来,实现接口
public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService{public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token){throw new NotImplementedException();}}
在Startup的ConfigureServices方法中注册服务
services.AddScoped<IAuthenticateService, TokenAuthenticationService>();
在Controller中注入IAuthenticateService服务,并完善action
public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase{private readonly IAuthenticateService _authService;public AuthenticationController(IAuthenticateService authService){this._authService = authService;}[AllowAnonymous][HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request){if (!ModelState.IsValid){return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}string token;if (_authService.IsAuthenticated(request, out token)){return Ok(token);}return BadRequest("Invalid Request");}}
正常情况,我们都会根据请求的用户和密码去验证用户是否合法,需要连接到数据库获取数据进行校验,我们这里为了方便,假设任何请求的用户都是合法的。
这里单独加个用户管理的服务,不在IAuthenticateService这个服务里面添加相应逻辑,主要遵循了职责单一原则。首先和上面一样,创建一个服务接口IUserService
public interface IUserService{bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req);}
实现IUserService接口
public class UserService : IUserService{//模拟测试,默认都是人为验证有效public bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req){return true;}}
同样注册到容器中
services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();
接下来,就要完善TokenAuthenticationService签发token的逻辑,首先要注入IUserService 和 TokenManagement,然后实现具体的业务逻辑,这个token的生成还是使用的Jwt的类库提供的api,具体不详细描述。
特别注意下TokenManagement的注入是已IOptions的接口类型注入的,还记得在Startpup中吗?我们是通过配置项的方式注册TokenManagement类型的。
public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService{private readonly IUserService _userService;private readonly TokenManagement _tokenManagement;public TokenAuthenticationService(IUserService userService, IOptions<TokenManagement> tokenManagement){_userService = userService;_tokenManagement = tokenManagement.Value;}public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token){token = string.Empty;if (!_userService.IsValid(request))return false;var claims = new[]{new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name,request.Username)};var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_tokenManagement.Secret));var credentials = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);var jwtToken = new JwtSecurityToken(_tokenManagement.Issuer, _tokenManagement.Audience, claims, expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(_tokenManagement.AccessExpiration), signingCredentials: credentials);token = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwtToken);return true;}}
准备好测试试用的APi,打上Authorize特性,表明需要授权!
[ApiController][Route("[controller]")][Authorize]public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase{private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]{"Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"};private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger){_logger = logger;}[HttpGet]public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get(){var rng = new Random();return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast{Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]}).ToArray();}}
支持我们可以测试验证了,我们可以使用postman来进行http请求,先启动http服务,获取url,先测试一个访问需要授权的接口,但没有携带token信息,返回是401,表示未授权
下面我们先通过认证接口,获取token,居然报错,查询了下,发现HS256算法的秘钥长度最新为128位,转换成字符至少16字符,之前设置的秘钥是123456,所以导致异常。
System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: IDX10603: Decryption failed. Keys tried: 'HS256'. Exceptions caught: '128'. token: '48' (Parameter 'KeySize') at
更新秘钥
"tokenManagement": {"secret": "123456123456123456","issuer": "webapi.cn","audience": "WebApi","accessExpiration": 30,"refreshExpiration": 60}
重新发起请求,成功获取token
eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDUyMDMsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.AehD8WTAnEtklof2OJsvg0U4_o8_SjdxmwUjzAiuI-o
把token带到之前请求的api中,重新测试,成功获取数据
总结
基于token的认证方式,让我们构建分布式/松耦合的系统更加容易。任何地方生成的token,只有拥有相同秘钥,就可以再任何地方进行签名校验。
当然要用好jwt认证方式,还有其他安全细节需要处理,比如palyload中不能存放敏感信息,使用https的加密传输方式等等,可以根据业务实际需要再进一步安全加固!
同时我们也发现使用token,就可以摆脱cookie的限制,所以JWT是移动app开发的首选!