前言
在之前的文章我们介绍过HttpClient相关的服务发现,确实HttpClient是目前.NET Core进行Http网络编程的的主要手段。在之前的介绍中也看到了,我们使用了一个很重要的抽象HttpMessageHandler,接下来我们就探究一下HttpClient源码,并找寻它和HttpMessageHandler的关系究竟是怎么样的。
HttpClient源码解析
首先我们找到HttpClient源码的位置,微软也提供了专门的网站可以查找.Net Core源码有兴趣的同学可以自行查阅。接下来我们查阅一下HttpClient的核心代码。首先,我们可以看到HttpClient继承自HttpMessageInvoker这个类,待会我们在探究这个类。
public class HttpClient : HttpMessageInvoker
{
}
然后我们看下几个核心的构造函数
public HttpClient(): this(new HttpClientHandler())
{
}public HttpClient(HttpMessageHandler handler): this(handler, true)
{
}public HttpClient(HttpMessageHandler handler, bool disposeHandler): base(handler, disposeHandler)
{_timeout = s_defaultTimeout;_maxResponseContentBufferSize = HttpContent.MaxBufferSize;_pendingRequestsCts = new CancellationTokenSource();
}
通过这几个构造函数我们看出,我们可以传递自定义的HttpMessageHandler。我们再看无参默认的构造,其实也是实例化了HttpClientHandler传递给了自己的另一个构造函数,我们之前讲解过HttpClientHandler是继承自了HttpMessageHandler,通过最后一个构造函数可知最终HttpMessageHandler,传给了父类HttpMessageInvoker。到了这里我们基本上就可以感受到HttpMessageHandler在HttpClient中存在的意义。
接下来,我们从一个最简单,而且最常用的方法为入口开始探索HttpClient的工作原理。这种方式可能是我们最常用而且最有效的的探索源码的方式了。个人建议没看过源码,或者刚开始入门看源码的小伙伴们,找源码的入口一定是你最有把握的的一个,然后逐步深入了解。接下来我们选用HttpClient的GetAsync开始入手,而且是只传递Url的那一个。
public Task<HttpResponseMessage> GetAsync(string? requestUri)
{return GetAsync(CreateUri(requestUri));
}public Task<HttpResponseMessage> GetAsync(Uri? requestUri)
{return GetAsync(requestUri, defaultCompletionOption);
}
通过这里我们可以大致了解到。其实大部分最简单的调用方式,往往都是从最复杂的调用方式,一步步的封装起来的,只是系统帮我们初始化了一部分参数,让我们按需使用。顺着方法一直向下找,最后找到了这里。
public Task<HttpResponseMessage> GetAsync(Uri? requestUri, HttpCompletionOption completionOption,CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{return SendAsync(CreateRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, requestUri), completionOption, cancellationToken);
}
由此可以看出这里是所有GetAsync方法的执行入口,我们通过查找SendAsync引用可以发现。不仅仅是GetAsync, PostAsync,PutAsync,DeleteAsync最终都是调用了这个方法。也就是说SendAsync是所有发送请求的真正执行者。接下来我们就查看SendAsync方法,部分边角料代码我粘贴的时候将会做删减。
public Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, HttpCompletionOption completionOption,CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{if (request == null){throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(request));}CheckDisposed();CheckRequestMessage(request);SetOperationStarted();//这里会把发送请求的HttpRequestMessage准备妥当PrepareRequestMessage(request);CancellationTokenSource cts;bool disposeCts;bool hasTimeout = _timeout != s_infiniteTimeout;long timeoutTime = long.MaxValue;if (hasTimeout || cancellationToken.CanBeCanceled){disposeCts = true;cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken, _pendingRequestsCts.Token);if (hasTimeout){timeoutTime = Environment.TickCount64 + (_timeout.Ticks / TimeSpan.TicksPerMillisecond);cts.CancelAfter(_timeout);}}else{disposeCts = false;cts = _pendingRequestsCts;}Task<HttpResponseMessage> sendTask;try{//***这里是核心,最终执行调用的地方!!!sendTask = base.SendAsync(request, cts.Token);}catch (Exception e){HandleFinishSendAsyncCleanup(cts, disposeCts);if (e is OperationCanceledException operationException && TimeoutFired(cancellationToken, timeoutTime)){throw CreateTimeoutException(operationException);}throw;}//这里处理输出的唯一类型HttpResponseMessagereturn completionOption == HttpCompletionOption.ResponseContentRead && !string.Equals(request.Method.Method, "HEAD", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?FinishSendAsyncBuffered(sendTask, request, cts, disposeCts, cancellationToken, timeoutTime) :FinishSendAsyncUnbuffered(sendTask, request, cts, disposeCts, cancellationToken, timeoutTime);
}
通过分析这段代码可以得知,HttpClient类中最终执行的是父类的SendAsync的方法。看来是时候查看父类HttpMessageInvoker的源码了。
HttpMessageInvoker源码解析
public class HttpMessageInvoker : IDisposable
{private volatile bool _disposed;private readonly bool _disposeHandler;private readonly HttpMessageHandler _handler;public HttpMessageInvoker(HttpMessageHandler handler): this(handler, true){}public HttpMessageInvoker(HttpMessageHandler handler, bool disposeHandler){if (NetEventSource.IsEnabled) NetEventSource.Enter(this, handler);if (handler == null){throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(handler));}if (NetEventSource.IsEnabled) NetEventSource.Associate(this, handler);_handler = handler;_disposeHandler = disposeHandler;if (NetEventSource.IsEnabled) NetEventSource.Exit(this);}public virtual Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request,CancellationToken cancellationToken){if (request == null){throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(request));}CheckDisposed();if (NetEventSource.IsEnabled) NetEventSource.Enter(this, request);//***这里是HttpClient调用的本质,其实发送请求的根本是HttpMessageHandler的SendAsyncTask<HttpResponseMessage> task = _handler.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);if (NetEventSource.IsEnabled) NetEventSource.Exit(this, task);return task;}public void Dispose(){Dispose(true);GC.SuppressFinalize(this);}protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing){if (disposing && !_disposed){_disposed = true;if (_disposeHandler){_handler.Dispose();}}}private void CheckDisposed(){if (_disposed){throw new ObjectDisposedException(GetType().ToString());}}
}
是的,你并没有看错,整个HttpMessageInvoker就这么多代码,而且还是靠子类初始化过来的基本属性。找到SendAsync方法,这里基本上可以总结一点,负责调用输入输出的类只有两个。一个是提供请求参数的HttpRequestMessage,另一个是接收输出的HttpResponseMessage。这里也给我们日常工作编码中提供了一个很好的思路。针对具体某个功能的操作方法,最好只保留一个,其外围调用,都是基于该方法的封装。然后我们找到了发送请求的地方_handler.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken),而handler正是我们通过HttpClient传递下来的HttpMessageHandler.由此可知,HttpClient的本质是HttpMessageHandler的包装类。
自定义HttpClient
探究到这里我们也差不多大概了解到HttpClient类的本质是什么了。其实到这里我们可以借助HttpMessageHandler的相关子类,封装一个简单的Http请求类.接下来我将动手实现一个简单的Http请求类,我们定义一个类叫MyHttpClient,实现代码如下
public class MyHttpClient : IDisposable
{private readonly MyHttpClientHandler _httpClientHandler;private readonly bool _disposeHandler;private volatile bool _disposed;public MyHttpClient():this(true){}public MyHttpClient(bool disposeHandler){_httpClientHandler = new MyHttpClientHandler();_disposeHandler = disposeHandler;}public Task<HttpResponseMessage> GetAsync(string url){return GetAsync(new Uri(url));}public Task<HttpResponseMessage> GetAsync(Uri uri){HttpRequestMessage httpRequest = new HttpRequestMessage{Method = HttpMethod.Get,RequestUri = uri};return SendAsync(httpRequest,CancellationToken.None);}public Task<HttpResponseMessage> PostAsync(string url, HttpContent content){return PostAsync(new Uri(url),content,null);}public Task<HttpResponseMessage> PostAsync(Uri uri, HttpContent content,Dictionary<string,string> headers){HttpRequestMessage httpRequest = new HttpRequestMessage{Method = HttpMethod.Post,RequestUri = uri,Content = content};if (headers != null && headers.Any()){foreach (var head in headers){httpRequest.Headers.Add(head.Key,head.Value);}}return SendAsync(httpRequest, CancellationToken.None);}private Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage httpRequest, CancellationToken cancellationToken){if (httpRequest.RequestUri == null || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(httpRequest.RequestUri.OriginalString)){throw new ArgumentNullException("RequestUri");}return _httpClientHandler.SendRequestAsync(httpRequest, cancellationToken);}public void Dispose(){Dispose(true);GC.SuppressFinalize(this);}protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing){if (disposing && !_disposed){_disposed = true;if (_disposeHandler){_httpClientHandler.Dispose();}}}
}
由于HttpMessageHandler的SendAsync是protected非子类无法直接调用,所以我封装了一个MyHttpClientHandler继承自HttpClientHandler在MyHttpClient中调用,具体实现如下
public class MyHttpClientHandler : HttpClientHandler
{public Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendRequestAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken){return this.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);}protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken){return base.SendAsync(request, cancellationToken);}
}
最后写了一段测试代码
using (MyHttpClient httpClient = new MyHttpClient())
{Task<HttpResponseMessage> httpResponse = httpClient.GetAsync("http://localhost:5000/Person/GetPerson?userId=1");HttpResponseMessage responseMessage = httpResponse.Result;if (responseMessage.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.OK){string content = responseMessage.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result;if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(content)){System.Console.WriteLine(content);}}
}
到这里自己实现MyHttpClient差不多到此结束了,因为只是讲解大致思路,所以方法封装的相对简单,只是封装了Get和Post相关的方法。
总结
通过本文分析HttpClient的源码,我们大概知道了HttpClient本质还是HttpMessageHandler的包装类。最终的发送还是调用的HttpMessageHandler的SendAsync方法。最后,我根据HttpClientHandler实现了一个MyHttpClient。以上只是本人理解,如果处在理解不正确或者不恰当的地方,望多多包涵,同时也期望能指出理解不周的地方。我写文章的主要一部分是想把我的理解传递给大家,欢迎大家多多交流。
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