python引用变量的顺序： 当前作用域局部变量->外层作用域变量->当前模块中的全局变量->python内置变量
1. Scope:
• If a variable is assigned inside a def, it is local to that function.
• If a variable is assigned in an enclosing def, it is nonlocal to nested functions.
• If a variable is assigned outside all defs, it is global to the entire file.
• global makes scope lookup begin in the enclosing module’s scope and allows
names there to be assigned. Scope lookup continues on to the built-in scope if the
name does not exist in the module, but assignments to global names always create
or change them in the module’s scope.
• nonlocal restricts scope lookup to just enclosing defs, requires that the names already
exist there, and allows them to be assigned. Scope lookup does not continue
on to the global or built-in scopes.
global关键字用来在函数或其他局部作用域中使用全局变量。但是如果不修改全局变量也可以不使用global关键字。
>>> gcount = 0 >>> def func(): ... print(gcount) ... >>> def func_count(): ... global gcount ... gcount +=1 ... return gcount ... >>> def func_count_test(): ... print(func_count()) ... print(func_count()) 1 2
nonlocal关键字用来在函数或其他作用域中使用外层(非全局)变量。
>>> def tester(start): ... state = start # Each call gets its own state ... def nested(label): ... nonlocal state # Remembers state in enclosing scope ... print(label, state) ... state += 1 # Allowed to change it if nonlocal ... return nested ... >>> F = tester(0) >>> F('spam') # Increments state on each call spam 0 >>> F('ham') ham 1 >>> F('eggs') eggs 2
>>> spam = 99 >>> def tester(): ... def nested(): ... nonlocal spam # Must be in a def, not the module! ... print('Current=', spam) ... spam += 1 ... return nested ... SyntaxError: no binding for nonlocal 'spam' found
2. Arguments
- Immutable arguments are effectively passed “by value.” (int,string,tuple) （复制）
- Mutable arguments are effectively passed “by pointer.” (list, dictionary) (引用)
>>> def changer(a, b): # Arguments assigned references to objects ... a = 2 # Changes local name's value only ... b[0] = 'spam' # Changes shared object in-place ... >>> X = 1 >>> L = [1, 2] # Caller >>> changer(X, L) # Pass immutable and mutable objects >>> X, L # X is unchanged, L is different! (1, ['spam', 2])
def changer(a, b): b = b[:] # Copy input list so we don't impact caller
>>> def multiple(x, y): ... x=2 ... y=[3,4] ... return x,y ... >>> X =1 >>> L=[1,2] >>> X,L = multiple(X,L) >>> X 2 >>> L [3, 4] >>> X,L (2, [3, 4])
参数传递：*代表的是tuple,**代表map
>>> def echo(*args, **kwargs): print(args, kwargs) ... >>> echo(1, 2, a=3, b=4) (1, 2) {'a': 3, 'b': 4}
intersect and union:
def intersect(*args):res = []for x in args[0]: # Scan first sequencefor other in args[1:]: # For all other argsif x not in other: break # Item in each one?else: # No: break out of loopres.append(x) # Yes: add items to endreturn res def union(*args):res = []for seq in args: # For all argsfor x in seq: # For all nodesif not x in res:res.append(x) # Add new items to resultreturn res
)
