django Form组件
Django的Form主要具有一下几大功能:
- 生成HTML标签
- 验证用户数据(显示错误信息)
- HTML Form提交保留上次提交数据
- 初始化页面显示内容
小试牛刀
1、创建Form类
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets #插件
from django.forms import fieldsclass MyForm(Form):user = fields.CharField(widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'id': 'i1', 'class': 'c1'}))gender = fields.ChoiceField( #单选choices=((1, '男'), (2, '女'),),initial=2,widget=widgets.RadioSelect)city = fields.CharField(initial=2,widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),)))pwd = fields.CharField(widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'}, render_value=True))
2、views函数处理
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from .forms import MyFormdef index(request):if request.method == "GET":obj = MyForm()return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj})elif request.method == "POST":obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)if obj.is_valid():values = obj.clean()print(values)else:errors = obj.errorsprint(errors)return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj})else:return redirect('http://www.google.com')
3、生成HTML
<form action="/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> #上传文件特殊的方法<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p><p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}</p><p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p><p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}</p><input type="submit"/>
</form>
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">{% csrf_token %}{{ form.xxoo.label }}{{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }}{{ form.xxoo.label_tag }}{{ form.xxoo.errors }}<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p><input type="submit" /></form>
From类
创建Form类时,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用于对用户请求数据的验证,插件用于自动生成HTML;
1、Django内置字段如下:
Fieldrequired=True, 是否允许为空widget=None, HTML插件label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容initial=None, 初始值help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'}show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件(可用于检验两次输入是否一直)validators=[], 自定义验证规则localize=False, 是否支持本地化disabled=False, 是否可以编辑label_suffix=None Label内容后缀CharField(Field)max_length=None, 最大长度min_length=None, 最小长度strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白IntegerField(Field)max_value=None, 最大值min_value=None, 最小值FloatField(IntegerField)...DecimalField(IntegerField)max_value=None, 最大值min_value=None, 最小值max_digits=None, 总长度decimal_places=None, 小数位长度BaseTemporalField(Field)input_formats=None 时间格式化 DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12DurationField(Field) 时间间隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f...RegexField(CharField)regex, 自定制正则表达式max_length=None, 最大长度min_length=None, 最小长度error_message=None, 忽略,错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'}EmailField(CharField) ...FileField(Field)allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件ImageField(FileField) ...注:需要PIL模块,pip3 install Pillow以上两个字典使用时,需要注意两点:- form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data"- view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)URLField(Field)...BooleanField(Field) ...NullBooleanField(BooleanField)...ChoiceField(Field)...choices=(), 选项,如:choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),)required=True, 是否必填widget=None, 插件,默认select插件label=None, Label内容initial=None, 初始值help_text='', 帮助提示ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceFieldqueryset, # 查询数据库中的数据empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceFieldTypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换empty_value= '' 空值的默认值MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)...TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换empty_value= '' 空值的默认值ComboField(Field)fields=() 使用多个验证,如下:即验证最大长度20,又验证邮箱格式fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])MultiValueField(Field)PS: 抽象类,子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值,要配合MultiWidget使用SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y']input_time_formats=None 格式列表:['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M']FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项,目录下文件显示在页面中path, 文件夹路径match=None, 正则匹配recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹allow_files=True, 允许文件allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹required=True,widget=None,label=None,initial=None,help_text=''GenericIPAddressFieldprotocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必须为both才能启用SlugField(CharField) 数字,字母,下划线,减号(连字符)...UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型...
注:UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid# make a UUID based on the host ID and current time>>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIPUUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')# make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name>>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')# make a random UUID>>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIPUUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')# make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name>>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')# make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)>>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')# convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form>>> str(x)'00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'# get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID>>> x.bytesb'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'# make a UUID from a 16-byte string>>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
2、Django内置插件:
TextInput(Input)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget
常用选择插件
# 单radio,值为字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )# 单radio,值为字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect
# )# 单select,值为字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )# 单select,值为字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select
# )# 多选select,值为列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),),
# initial=[1,],
# widget=widgets.SelectMultiple
# )# 单checkbox
# user = fields.CharField(
# widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()
# )# 多选checkbox,值为列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# initial=[2, ],
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple
# )
在使用选择标签时,需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取,但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***,那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
方式一:
class TeacherFrom(Form):tname=fields.CharField(min_length=2)xx=fields.MultipleChoiceField( #多选框用MultipleChoiceField# choices=models.Classes.objects.values_list("id","title"),widget=widgets.SelectMultiple) #多选框def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): #修复一个小bug,定义一个init方法,继承TeacherTrom的内容,#构造自己都有的方法,每次实例化出来的对象。super(TeacherFrom,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)self.fields['xx'].choices=models.Classes.objects.values_list("id","title")
方式二:
使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import models as form_model
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.core.validators import RegexValidatorclass FInfo(forms.Form):authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())# authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
自定义验证规则
方式一:
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidatorclass MyForm(Form):user = fields.CharField(validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', '请输入数字'), RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$', '数字必须以159开头')],)
方式二:
import re
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError# 自定义验证规则
def mobile_validate(value):mobile_re = re.compile(r'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$')if not mobile_re.match(value):raise ValidationError('手机号码格式错误')class PublishForm(Form):title = fields.CharField(max_length=20,min_length=5,error_messages={'required': '标题不能为空','min_length': '标题最少为5个字符','max_length': '标题最多为20个字符'},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control",'placeholder': '标题5-20个字符'}))# 使用自定义验证规则phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ],error_messages={'required': '手机不能为空'},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control",'placeholder': u'手机号码'}))email = fields.EmailField(required=False,error_messages={'required': u'邮箱不能为空','invalid': u'邮箱格式错误'},widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control", 'placeholder': u'邮箱'}))
方法三:自定义方法
from django import formsfrom django.forms import fieldsfrom django.forms import widgetsfrom django.core.exceptions import ValidationErrorfrom django.core.validators import RegexValidatorclass FInfo(forms.Form):username = fields.CharField(max_length=5,validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.', 'invalid')], )email = fields.EmailField()def clean_username(self):"""Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后,执行此方法进行验证:return:"""value = self.cleaned_data['username']if "666" in value:raise ValidationError('666已经被玩烂了...', 'invalid')return value
方式四:同时生成多个标签进行验证
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fieldsfrom django.core.validators import RegexValidator############## 自定义字段 ##############
class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField):def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):# Define one message for all fields.error_messages = {'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.',}# Or define a different message for each field.f = (fields.CharField(error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code.'},validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid country calling code.'),],),fields.CharField(error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a phone number.'},validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid phone number.')],),fields.CharField(validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.')],required=False,),)super(PhoneField, self).__init__(error_messages=error_messages, fields=f, require_all_fields=False, *args,**kwargs)def compress(self, data_list):"""当用户验证都通过后,该值返回给用户:param data_list::return:"""return data_list############## 自定义插件 ##############
class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget):def __init__(self):ws = (widgets.TextInput(),widgets.TextInput(),widgets.TextInput(),)super(SplitPhoneWidget, self).__init__(ws)def decompress(self, value):"""处理初始值,当初始值initial不是列表时,调用该方法:param value::return:"""if value:return value.split(',')return [None, None, None]
初始化数据
在Web应用程序中开发编写功能时,时常用到获取数据库中的数据并将值初始化在HTML中的标签上。
1、Form
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidatorclass MyForm(Form):user = fields.CharField()city = fields.ChoiceField(choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),widget=widgets.Select)
2、Views
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from .forms import MyFormdef index(request):if request.method == "GET":values = {'user': 'root', 'city': 2}obj = MyForm(values)return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj})elif request.method == "POST":return redirect('http://www.google.com')else:return redirect('http://www.google.com')
3、HTML
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">{% csrf_token %}<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p><p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}</p><input type="submit"/>
</form>
is_valid 内部原理
#is_valid 内部原理"""1.LoginForm实例化时,self.fields={ #self.fields是一个子典的格式 key是每个字段'user':正则表达式'pwd':正则表达式}2.循环self.fieldsflag=Trueerrorscleaned_datafor k,v in self.fields.items():#1.user,正则表达式input_value = request.POST.get(k)正则表达式和input_valueflag = False:return flag #返回错误信息"""
class LoginForm(Form):user=fields.CharField(max_length=16,min_length=6,required=True,error_messages={'request':'用户名不能为空','max_length=16':'用户名不能过长','min_length=6':'用户名不能太短',})pwd=fields.CharField(min_length=8,required=True)def login(request):if request.method == "GET":return render(request,'login.html')else:obj=LoginForm(request.POST)#is_valid 内部原理"""1.LoginForm实例化时,self.fields={ #self.fields是一个子典的格式 key是每个字段'user':正则表达式'pwd':正则表达式}2.循环self.fieldsflag=Trueerrorscleaned_datafor k,v in self.fields.items():#1.user,正则表达式input_value = request.POST.get(k)正则表达式和input_valueflag = False:return flag #返回错误信息"""if obj.is_valid():print(obj.cleaned_data)return redirect('http://www.baidu.com')else:print(obj.errors)return render(request,'login.html',{'obj':obj})