环境搭建好后,接下来我们先来了解一下requests的一些简单使用,主要包括:
- requests常用请求方法使用,包括:get,post
- requests库中的Session、Cookie的使用
- 其它高级部分:认证、代理、证书验证、超时配置、错误异常处理等。
本节首先来了解一下requests库中如何发送get请求:
一、看下方法定义:
1、到官方文档去了下requests.get()方法的定义,如下:
2、点击右上角的【source】,看一下它的源码如下:
看到最后一行return,get方法最后是通过调用 requests.request 方法实现的,其实在其它的请求方法如post,put,head,delete等方法都是调用的request方法,然后把请求方法的类型传递给request方法第一个参数。
3、HTTP协议是一个基于请求/响应模式的、无状态的,应用层协议。既然有请求,就有响应,来看下resquest中常用的响应信息:
二、get方法简单使用:
1、不带参数的get:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#不带参数的getimport requests
import jsonhost = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
r = requests.get(url)
#response = r.json()print type(r.text)
print (eval(r.text))
输出:
{'origin': '183.14.133.88','headers': {'Connection': 'close','Host': 'httpbin.org','Accept-Encoding': 'gzip,deflate','Accept': '*/*','User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.1'},'args': {},'url': 'http: //httpbin.org/get'
}
2、 带参数的get:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#带参数的getimport requests
import jsonhost = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
params = {"show_env":"1"}
r = requests.get(url=url,params=params)print r.url
输出:
http://httpbin.org/get?show_env=1
{'origin': '183.14.133.88','headers': {'X-Request-Id': 'ebe922b4-c463-4fe9-9faf-49748d682fd7','Accept-Encoding': 'gzip,deflate','X-Forwarded-Port': '80','Total-Route-Time': '0','Connection': 'close','Connect-Time': '0','Via': '1.1vegur','X-Forwarded-For': '183.14.133.88','Accept': '*/*','User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.1','X-Request-Start': '1504755961007','Host': 'httpbin.org','X-Forwarded-Proto': 'http'},'args': {'show_env': '1'},'url': 'http: //httpbin.org/get?show_env=1'
}
3、带header的get:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-import requests
import jsonhost = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}r = requests.get(url)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
#response = r.json()
print (eval(r.text))['headers']['User-Agent']
输出:
test request headers
4、同时带参数和header:
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import jsonhost = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}
params = {"show_env":"1"}r = requests.get(url)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,params=params)#response = r.json()
print (eval(r.text))['headers']['User-Agent']
print r.url
输出:
test request headers
http://httpbin.org/get?show_env=1