REST全称Representation State Transfer,表现形式状态转换
文章目录
- 1. 为什么提出了REST?
- 2. RESTful入门案例
- 案例代码
- 修改请求方式
- 修改成RESTful风格,并以POST方式提交
- RESTful格式下传参
- RESTful入门案例总结
- @RequestBody,@RequestParam,@PathVariable总结
- 3. RESTful快速开发
- 第一次修改
- 第二次修改
- 快速开发注解总结
- 4. RESTful案例开发
- 案例代码(一些config的设定和domain等)
- 后台Controller的开发
1. 为什么提出了REST?
传统风格资源描述形式:
- http://localhost/user/getById?id=1
- http://localhost/user/saveUser
REST风格描述形式:
- http://localhost/user/1
- http://localhost/user
REST风格优点:
- 隐藏资源的访问行为,无法通过地址得知对资源是何种操作(REST风格描述的第二项既可以描述一个
saveUser
操作,也可以描述一个updateUser
操作) - 书写简化
按照REST风格访问资源时使用行为动作区分对资源进行了何种操作,根据REST风格对资源进行访问称为RESTful
地址 | 作用 | 行为动作 |
---|---|---|
http://localhost/users | 查询全部用户信息 | GET (查询) |
http://localhost/user/1 | 查询指定用户信息 | GET (查询) |
http://localhost/users | 添加用户信息 | POST (新增/保存) |
http://localhost/users | 修改用户信息 | PUT (修改/更新) |
http://localhost/users/1 | 删除用户信息 | DELETE (删除) |
注: 上述行为是约定方式,约定不是规范,可以打破,所以称REST风格,而不是REST规范
描述模块的名称通常使用复数,也就是加s的格式描述,表示此类资源,而非单个资源,例如:users、books、accounts
…
2. RESTful入门案例
案例代码
config/ServletContainerInitConfig.java
package com.demo.config;import org.apache.ibatis.jdbc.Null;
import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer;import javax.servlet.Filter;public class ServletContainerInitConfig extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {@Overrideprotected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {return new Class[0];}@Overrideprotected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {return new Class[]{SpringMvcConfig.class};}@Overrideprotected String[] getServletMappings() {return new String[]{"/"};}@Overrideprotected Filter[] getServletFilters() {CharacterEncodingFilter filter = new CharacterEncodingFilter();filter.setEncoding("UTF-8");return new Filter[]{filter};}
}
config/SpringMvcConfig.java
package com.demo.config;import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;@Configuration
@ComponentScan("com.demo.controller")
@EnableWebMvc
public class SpringMvcConfig {
}
controller/BookController.java
package com.demo.controller;import com.demo.domain.Book;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;@Controller
public class BookController {@RequestMapping(value = "/books", method = RequestMethod.POST)@ResponseBodypublic String save(@RequestBody Book book){System.out.println("book save ...");return "{'module': 'book save'}";}@RequestMapping(value = "/books", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)@ResponseBodypublic String delete(@PathVariable Integer id){System.out.println("book delete ..." + id);return "{'module': 'book delete'}";}@RequestMapping(value = "/books", method = RequestMethod.PUT)@ResponseBodypublic String update(@RequestBody Book book){System.out.println("book update ..." + book);return "{'module': 'book update'}";}@RequestMapping(value = "/books/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET)@ResponseBodypublic String getById(@PathVariable Integer id){System.out.println("book getById ..." + id);return "{'module': 'book getById'}";}@RequestMapping(value = "/books", method = RequestMethod.GET)@ResponseBodypublic String getAll(){System.out.println("book getAll ...");return "{'module': 'book update'}";}
}
controller/UserController.java
package com.demo.controller;import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;@Controller
public class UserController {@RequestMapping("/save")@ResponseBodypublic String save(){System.out.println("User save...");return "{'module': 'springmvc'}";}@RequestMapping("/delete")@ResponseBodypublic String delete(Integer id){System.out.println("User delete..." + id);return "{'module': 'springmvc'}";}@RequestMapping("/update")@ResponseBodypublic String update(@RequestBody User user){System.out.println("User update... => " + user);return "{'module': 'springmvc'}";}
}
domain/User.java
package com.demo.domain;public class User {private String name;private int age;Address address;@Overridepublic String toString() {return "User{" +"name='" + name + '\'' +", age=" + age +", address=" + address +'}';}public Address getAddress() {return address;}public void setAddress(Address address) {this.address = address;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public int getAge() {return age;}public void setAge(int age) {this.age = age;}
}
domain/Book.java
package com.demo.domain;public class Book {String bookName;String issn;@Overridepublic String toString() {return "Book{" +"bookName='" + bookName + '\'' +", issn='" + issn + '\'' +'}';}public String getBookName() {return bookName;}public void setBookName(String bookName) {this.bookName = bookName;}public String getIssn() {return issn;}public void setIssn(String issn) {this.issn = issn;}
}
修改请求方式
测试一下UserController中的三个方法:
修改成RESTful风格,并以POST方式提交
将两个方法上的@RequestMapping
注解,均新增一个method
属性,并修改value
属性,如下:
@RequestMapping(value = "/users", method = RequestMethod.POST)
@RequestMapping(value = "/users", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
@RequestMapping(value = "/users", method = RequestMethod.PUT)
再运行,发现可以运行(注意,Postman中请求的模式要记得修改):
RESTful格式下传参
我们的delete方法中是有参数的,那在RESTful风格下,我们的路径是localhost/delete/1
,那这个1怎么传到方法中的id里呢?
应该在路径后面接上{variable name}
来表示我们想要传递的参数,这里variable name填写的应该是方法中的参数名;并在方法的参数前面使用@PathVariable
注解声明该变量来自路径。例如:
@RequestMapping(value = "/users/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
@ResponseBody
public String delete(@PathVariable Integer id){System.out.println("User delete..." + id);return "{'module': 'springmvc'}";
}
但对于像Update方法中这种传User这种POJO数据(注意 Integer不算POJO数据)的,则不需要做改动
修改后请求delete方法如下
请求update方法仍然是将JSON数据转换为POJO,
RESTful入门案例总结
想要使用RESTful风格,步骤如下:
- 设定http请求动作(动词),如Request.POST, Request.PUT, Request.GET, Request.Delete等
- 设定请求参数(路径变量),在请求路径中使用
{variable name}
添加请求参数,方法中的参数前使用@PathVariable
进行注解
@RequestBody,@RequestParam,@PathVariable总结
区别:
@RequestBody
用于接收JSON数据@RequestParam
用于接收url地址或表单传参@PathVariable
用于接收路径参数,使用{参数名称}描述路径参数
应用:
- 后期开发中,发送请求参数超过1个时,以JSON格式为主,
@RequestBody
应用较广 - 发送非JSON格式数据,选用
@RequestParam
接收请求参数 - 采用RESTful开发,当参数量较少时,例如1个,可以采用
@PathVariable
接收请求路径变量,通常用于传递id值。当然也可以通过@PathVariable
注解接收多个请求路径变量,但多个变量主要还是用JSON
3. RESTful快速开发
入门案例中存在一个问题,如下(下边以BookController为例讲解),红框中内容重复,应该简化掉:
第一次修改
针对于这个问题,我们首先可以将@RequestMapping
作为类注解写在类上,@ResponseBody
也可以作为类注解写在类上。但有一个更简便的办法:@RestController
注解包含了@Controller
和@ResponseBody
,最终修改如下:
package com.demo.controller;import com.demo.domain.Book;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;@RequestMapping("books")
@RestController
public class BookController {@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.POST)public String save(@RequestBody Book book){System.out.println("book save ...");return "{'module': 'book save'}";}@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.DELETE)public String delete(@PathVariable Integer id){System.out.println("book delete ..." + id);return "{'module': 'book delete'}";}@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.PUT)public String update(@RequestBody Book book){System.out.println("book update ..." + book);return "{'module': 'book update'}";}@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)public String getById(@PathVariable Integer id){System.out.println("book getById ..." + id);return "{'module': 'book getById'}";}@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)public String getAll(){System.out.println("book getAll ...");return "{'module': 'book update'}";}
}
第二次修改
修改完以后,代码里又存在大量的@RequestMapping(method=...)
,也挺冗余的,可以做如下修改:
将@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.xxx)
替换成@xxxMapping
如果在@RequestMapping
中还有表示参数的value
,就在@xxxMapping
后加上(参数路径)
,比如@xxxMapping("/{id}")
。
所有代码再次修改如下:
package com.demo.controller;import com.demo.domain.Book;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;@RequestMapping("books")
@RestController
public class BookController {@PostMappingpublic String save(@RequestBody Book book){System.out.println("book save ...");return "{'module': 'book save'}";}@DeleteMapping("/{id}")public String delete(@PathVariable Integer id){System.out.println("book delete ..." + id);return "{'module': 'book delete'}";}@PutMappingpublic String update(@RequestBody Book book){System.out.println("book update ..." + book);return "{'module': 'book update'}";}@GetMapping("/{id}")public String getById(@PathVariable Integer id){System.out.println("book getById ..." + id);return "{'module': 'book getById'}";}@GetMappingpublic String getAll(){System.out.println("book getAll ...");return "{'module': 'book update'}";}
}
逐项进行测试:
控制台输出:
快速开发注解总结
@RestController
:类注解,在控制器类上方进行定义,设置当前控制器为RESTful风格,等同于@Controller
和@ResponseBody
两个注解组合功能@GetMapping,@PostMapping,@PutMapping,@DeleteMapping
:方法注解,注解在SpringMVC的RESTful开发控制器方法上方,其作用是设置当前控制器方法访问路径与请求动作,每种对应一个请求动作
4. RESTful案例开发
我们在这个案例下的目标是通过RESTful实现案例交互:发送RESTful请求,获取数据后在页面中展示结果
案例代码(一些config的设定和domain等)
config/SevletContainerInitConfig.java
package com.demo.config;import org.apache.ibatis.jdbc.Null;
import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer;import javax.servlet.Filter;public class ServletContainerInitConfig extends AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer {@Overrideprotected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {return new Class[0];}@Overrideprotected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {return new Class[]{SpringMvcConfig.class};}@Overrideprotected String[] getServletMappings() {return new String[]{"/"};}@Overrideprotected Filter[] getServletFilters() {CharacterEncodingFilter filter = new CharacterEncodingFilter();filter.setEncoding("UTF-8");return new Filter[]{filter};}
}
config/SpringMvcConfig.java
package com.demo.config;import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.EnableWebMvc;@Configuration
@ComponentScan("com.demo.controller")
@EnableWebMvc
public class SpringMvcConfig {
}
domain/Book.java
package com.demo.domain;public class Book {private Integer id;private String type;private String name;private String description;@Overridepublic String toString() {return "Book{" +"id=" + id +", type='" + type + '\'' +", name='" + name + '\'' +", description='" + description + '\'' +'}';}public Integer getId() {return id;}public void setId(Integer id) {this.id = id;}public String getType() {return type;}public void setType(String type) {this.type = type;}public String getName() {return name;}public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}public String getDescription() {return description;}public void setDescription(String description) {this.description = description;}
}
后台Controller的开发
写一个save
方法和一个getAll
方法
package com.demo.controller;import com.demo.domain.Book;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;@RestController
@RequestMapping("/books")
public class BookController {@PostMappingpublic String save(@RequestBody Book book){System.out.println("book save ==> " + book);return "{'module':'book save success'}";}@GetMappingpublic List<Book> getAll(){Book book1 = new Book();book1.setType("计算机");book1.setName("SpringMVC1111");book1.setDescription("小试牛刀");Book book2 = new Book();book2.setType("计算机");book2.setName("SpringMvc2222");book2.setDescription("一代宗师");List<Book> bookList = new ArrayList<>();bookList.add(book1);bookList.add(book2);return bookList;}}
启动Tomcat容器进行测试
前端使用了ElementUI+Vue,但是我目前不太记得这个东西了(等我弄清楚了再来这里补充),可以先转去视频,里边有很详细的介绍完整的案例开发:Bilibili-基于RESTful的页面数据交互