写web项目或者app等，必不可少的要接受参数和校验参数的准确性，基本也是项目开始的第一步，那么我们今天来看下rust提供了哪些优秀的crates
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Part1一、clap_v3
本来是想用structOpt，但是看文档是这样描述的
由于 clap v3 现已发布，并且 structopt 功能已集成（几乎按原样），因此 structopt 现在处于维护模式：不会添加新功能。
错误将被修复，文档改进将被接受。
11. 1 添加依赖
[dependencies]
clap = { version = "4.2.7", features = ["derive","cargo"] }
features = "0.10.0"
cargo = "0.70.1"
或者
cargo add clap -- features cargo
需要注意：如果不启用 cargo feature ，则会报如下错误。
requires `cargo` feature
如果使用command!、arg! 必须在features 中添加cargo
21.2 快速启动
use std::env::Args;
/// clap_v3 原来的structOpt //
use std::path::PathBuf;
use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, Command};
fn test() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(arg!([name] "Optional name to operate on"))
.arg(
arg!(
-c --config <FILE> "Sets a custom config file"
)
// We don't have syntax yet for optional options, so manually calling `required`
.required(false)
.value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
)
.arg(arg!(
-d --debug ... "Turn debugging information on"
))
.subcommand(
Command::new("test")
.about("does testing things")
.arg(arg!(-l --list "lists test values").action(ArgAction::SetTrue)),
)
.get_matches();
// You can check the value provided by positional arguments, or option arguments
if let Some(name) = matches.get_one::<String>("name") {
println!("Value for name: {name}");
}
if let Some(config_path) = matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("config") {
println!("Value for config: {}", config_path.display());
}
// You can see how many times a particular flag or argument occurred
// Note, only flags can have multiple occurrences
match matches
.get_one::<u8>("debug")
.expect("Count's are defaulted")
{
0 => println!("Debug mode is off"),
1 => println!("Debug mode is kind of on"),
2 => println!("Debug mode is on"),
_ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
}
// You can check for the existence of subcommands, and if found use their
// matches just as you would the top level cmd
if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
// "$ myapp test" was run
if matches.get_flag("list") {
// "$ myapp test -l" was run
println!("Printing testing lists...");
} else {
println!("Not printing testing lists...");
}
}
// Continued program logic goes here...
}
pub fn claps(){
test()
}
1、默认执行情况
cargo run
Debug mode is off
2、参看帮助文档
cargo run --help
Run a binary or example of the local package
Usage: cargo run [OPTIONS] [args]...
Arguments:
[args]... Arguments for the binary or example to run
Options:
-q, --quiet Do not print cargo log messages
--bin [<NAME>] Name of the bin target to run
--example [<NAME>] Name of the example target to run
-p, --package [<SPEC>] Package with the target to run
-j, --jobs <N> Number of parallel jobs, defaults to # of CPUs.
--keep-going Do not abort the build as soon as there is an error (unstable)
-r, --release Build artifacts in release mode, with optimizations
--profile <PROFILE-NAME> Build artifacts with the specified profile
-F, --features <FEATURES> Space or comma separated list of features to activate
--all-features Activate all available features
--no-default-features Do not activate the `default` feature
--target <TRIPLE> Build for the target triple
--target-dir <DIRECTORY> Directory for all generated artifacts
--manifest-path <PATH> Path to Cargo.toml
--message-format <FMT> Error format
--unit-graph Output build graph in JSON (unstable)
--ignore-rust-version Ignore `rust-version` specification in packages
--timings[=<FMTS>] Timing output formats (unstable) (comma separated): html, json
-h, --help Print help
-v, --verbose... Use verbose output (-vv very verbose/build.rs output)
--color <WHEN> Coloring: auto, always, never
--frozen Require Cargo.lock and cache are up to date
--locked Require Cargo.lock is up to date
--offline Run without accessing the network
--config <KEY=VALUE> Override a configuration value
-Z <FLAG> Unstable (nightly-only) flags to Cargo, see 'cargo -Z help' for details
Run `cargo help run` for more detailed information.
3、使用 -dd 参数
cargo run -- -dd test
Debug mode is on
Not printing testing lists...
31.3 command 解析器
1.3.1 基本使用
fn command(){
let matches = Command::new("MyApp")
.version("1.0")
.author("ZHangQL Z <ZQL@gmail.com>")
.about("this is the test project")
.args(&[//次数是args，如果单个的的arg
arg!(--config <FILE> "a required file for the configuration and no short").
required(true)//必须包含
.require_equals(true)//要求使用等号赋值
// .default_value() //设置默认值
,
arg!(-d --debug ... "turns on debugging information and allows multiples"),
arg!([input] "an optional input file to use")
])
.arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).required(true))//单个的
.get_matches();
println!(
"config: {:?}",
matches.get_one::<String>("config").expect("required")
);
println!(
"debug: {:?}",
matches.get_one::<String>("debug")
);
println!(
"input: {:?}",
matches.get_one::<String>("input")
);
}
查看help
RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo run -- --help
this is the test project
Usage: my_test [OPTIONS] --config=<FILE> --two <VALUE> [input]
Arguments:
[input] an optional input file to use
Options:
--config=<FILE> a required file for the configuration and no short
-d, --debug... turns on debugging information and allows multiples
--two <VALUE>
-h, --help Print help
-V, --version Print version
运行
RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo run -- --config=./config.yaml --two rrr lllll
config: "./config.yaml"
two: Some("rrr")
input: Some("lllll")
1.3.2 使用command!构建解析器
你也可以使用 command! 宏 构建解析器，不过要想使用 command! 宏，你需要开启 cargo feature。
use clap::{arg, command};
fn main() {
// requires `cargo` feature, reading name, version, author, and description from `Cargo.toml`
let matches = command!()
.arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).required(true))
.arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).required(true))
.get_matches();
println!(
"two: {:?}",
matches.get_one::<String>("two").expect("required")
);
println!(
"one: {:?}",
matches.get_one::<String>("one").expect("required")
);
}
1.3.3 Command::next_line_help
使用 Command::next_line_help 方法 可以修改参数打印行为
use clap::{arg, command, ArgAction};
fn main() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.next_line_help(true)
.arg(arg!(--two <VALUE>).required(true).action(ArgAction::Set))
.arg(arg!(--one <VALUE>).required(true).action(ArgAction::Set))
.get_matches();
println!(
"two: {:?}",
matches.get_one::<String>("two").expect("required")
);
println!(
"one: {:?}",
matches.get_one::<String>("one").expect("required")
);
}
Usage: my_test [OPTIONS] --config=<FILE> --two <VALUE> [input]
Arguments:
[input]
an optional input file to use
Options:
--config=<FILE>
a required file for the configuration and no short
-d, --debug...
turns on debugging information and allows multiples
--two <VALUE>
-h, --help
Print help
-V, --version
Print version
效果就是：参数的描述和参数是分行的，描述信息在参数下一行。
41.4 添加命令行参数（Adding Arguments）
我们可以使用 Command::arg 方法来添加 Arg 对象来添加命令行参数
fn adding_arg(){
let matches = command!()
.arg(Arg::new("name"))
.get_matches();
println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
}
查看help
RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo run -- --help
Usage: my_test [name]
Arguments:
[name]
Options:
-h, --help Print help
-V, --version Print version
2、使用 name 参数：默认
cargo run
name: None
3、使用 name 参数：blob
注意定义的时候没有是直接使用的 不需要key的
cargo run bob
name: Some("bob")
1.4.2 设置参数行为
需要注意：参数默认值是一个 Set 类型
我们可以使用 Command::action 方法来设置 参数行为。如果可以添加多个只，我们可以使用 ArgAction::Append
use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
fn main() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(Arg::new("name").action(ArgAction::Append))
.get_matches();
let args = matches
.get_many::<String>("name")
.unwrap_or_default()
.map(|v| v.as_str())
.collect::<Vec<_>>();
println!("names: {:?}", &args);
}
51.5 参数选项
一个参数行为的标志：
-
顺序无关 -
可选参数 -
意图清晰
fn arg_switch(){
let matches = command!()
.arg(Arg::new("name")
.short('n')
.long("name")
).get_matches();
println!("name: {:?}", matches.get_one::<String>("name"));
}
上述代码：我们定义了一个name参数，缩写是n，全拼是name，也就是如下形式
-n, --name <name>
我们使用方式就有如下几种
cargo run -- --name blo
cargo run -- --name=blob
cargo run -- -n blob
cargo run -- -n=blob
cargo run -- -nblob
1.5.1 开启/关闭标志
我们可以是 ArgAction::SetTrue 开启参数
use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
fn main() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
Arg::new("verbose")
.short('v')
.long("verbose")
.action(ArgAction::SetTrue),
)
.get_matches();
println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.get_flag("verbose"));
}
1.5.2参数调用计数
我们可以使用 ArgAction::Count
use clap::{command, Arg, ArgAction};
fn main() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
Arg::new("verbose")
.short('v')
.long("verbose")
.action(ArgAction::Count),
)
.get_matches();
println!("verbose: {:?}", matches.get_count("verbose"));
}
默认值是0，多次使用参数就会计数
cargo run -- --verbose --verbose
1.5.3 默认值
fn default_value(){
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
arg!([PORT])
.value_parser(value_parser!(u16))
.default_value("2023"),
)
.get_matches();
println!(
"port: {:?}",
matches
.get_one::<u16>("PORT")
.expect("default ensures there is always a value")
);
}
cargo run
port: 2023
cargo run 897
port: 897
1.5.4 参数校验
默认情况下，参数被认为是 String，并且使用 UTF-8 校验。
枚举值
fn enum_check(){
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
arg!(<MODE>)
.help("What mode to run the program in")
.value_parser(["fast", "slow"]),
)
.get_matches();
// Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
match matches
.get_one::<String>("MODE")
.expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
.as_str()
{
"fast" => {
println!("Hare");
}
"slow" => {
println!("Tortoise");
}
_ => unreachable!(),
}
}
cargo run rrr
error: invalid value 'rrr' for '<MODE>'
[possible values: fast, slow]
cargo run fast
Hare
如果我们开启了 derive feature， 则我们也可以实现 ValueEnum 特征实现相同的功能
use clap::{arg, builder::PossibleValue, command, value_parser, ValueEnum};
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
enum Mode {
Fast,
Slow,
}
// Can also be derived with feature flag `derive`
impl ValueEnum for Mode {
fn value_variants<'a>() -> &'a [Self] {
&[Mode::Fast, Mode::Slow]
}
fn to_possible_value<'a>(&self) -> Option<PossibleValue> {
Some(match self {
Mode::Fast => PossibleValue::new("fast").help("Run swiftly"),
Mode::Slow => PossibleValue::new("slow").help("Crawl slowly but steadily"),
})
}
}
impl std::fmt::Display for Mode {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
self.to_possible_value()
.expect("no values are skipped")
.get_name()
.fmt(f)
}
}
impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
type Err = String;
fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
for variant in Self::value_variants() {
if variant.to_possible_value().unwrap().matches(s, false) {
return Ok(*variant);
}
}
Err(format!("invalid variant: {s}"))
}
}
fn main() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
arg!(<MODE>)
.help("What mode to run the program in")
.value_parser(value_parser!(Mode)),
)
.get_matches();
// Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
match matches
.get_one::<Mode>("MODE")
.expect("'MODE' is required and parsing will fail if its missing")
{
Mode::Fast => {
println!("Hare");
}
Mode::Slow => {
println!("Tortoise");
}
}
}
1.5.5 校验值
我们可以使用 Arg::value_parser 验证并解析成我们需要的任何类型。
fn validated(){
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
arg!(<PORT>)
.help("Network port to use")
.value_parser(value_parser!(u16).range(1..)),
)
.get_matches();
// Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
let port: u16 = *matches
.get_one::<u16>("PORT")
.expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
println!("PORT = {port}");
}
cargo run 0
error: invalid value '0' for '<PORT>': 0 is not in 1..=65535
cargo run 1
PORT = 10
1.5.6 自定义解析器
我们也可以使用自定义解析器用于改进错误信息提示和额外的验证。
use std::ops::RangeInclusive;
use clap::{arg, command};
fn main() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
arg!(<PORT>)
.help("Network port to use")
.value_parser(port_in_range),
)
.get_matches();
// Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
let port: u16 = *matches
.get_one::<u16>("PORT")
.expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
println!("PORT = {port}");
}
const PORT_RANGE: RangeInclusive<usize> = 1..=65535;
fn port_in_range(s: &str) -> Result<u16, String> {
let port: usize = s
.parse()
.map_err(|_| format!("`{s}` isn't a port number"))?;
if PORT_RANGE.contains(&port) {
Ok(port as u16)
} else {
Err(format!(
"port not in range {}-{}",
PORT_RANGE.start(),
PORT_RANGE.end()
))
}
}
1.5。7 参数关系(Argument Relations)
我们可以声明 Arg 和 ArgGroup。ArgGroup 用于声明参数关系。
use std::path::PathBuf;
use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction, ArgGroup};
fn main() {
// Create application like normal
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
// Add the version arguments
.arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually"))
.arg(arg!(--major "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
.arg(arg!(--minor "auto inc minor").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
.arg(arg!(--patch "auto inc patch").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
// Create a group, make it required, and add the above arguments
.group(
ArgGroup::new("vers")
.required(true)
.args(["set-ver", "major", "minor", "patch"]),
)
// Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
// are part of the "input" group which is not required
.arg(
arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input")
.value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
.group("input"),
)
.arg(
arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument")
.value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
.group("input"),
)
// Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
// (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
.arg(
arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>)
.value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf))
.requires("input"),
)
.get_matches();
// Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
let mut major = 1;
let mut minor = 2;
let mut patch = 3;
// See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.get_one::<String>("set-ver") {
ver.to_owned()
} else {
// Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
let (maj, min, pat) = (
matches.get_flag("major"),
matches.get_flag("minor"),
matches.get_flag("patch"),
);
match (maj, min, pat) {
(true, _, _) => major += 1,
(_, true, _) => minor += 1,
(_, _, true) => patch += 1,
_ => unreachable!(),
};
format!("{major}.{minor}.{patch}")
};
println!("Version: {version}");
// Check for usage of -c
if matches.contains_id("config") {
let input = matches
.get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
.unwrap_or_else(|| matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in").unwrap())
.display();
println!(
"Doing work using input {} and config {}",
input,
matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("config").unwrap().display()
);
}
}
此时 --set-ver |--major|--minor|--patch 是一个组的参数。
1.5.8 自定义校验(Custom Validation)
我们可以创建自定义校验错误 Command::error 方法可以返回指定错误 Error和自定义错误信息
use std::path::PathBuf;
use clap::error::ErrorKind;
use clap::{arg, command, value_parser, ArgAction};
fn main() {
// Create application like normal
let mut cmd = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
// Add the version arguments
.arg(arg!(--"set-ver" <VER> "set version manually"))
.arg(arg!(--major "auto inc major").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
.arg(arg!(--minor "auto inc minor").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
.arg(arg!(--patch "auto inc patch").action(ArgAction::SetTrue))
// Arguments can also be added to a group individually, these two arguments
// are part of the "input" group which is not required
.arg(arg!([INPUT_FILE] "some regular input").value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)))
.arg(
arg!(--"spec-in" <SPEC_IN> "some special input argument")
.value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)),
)
// Now let's assume we have a -c [config] argument which requires one of
// (but **not** both) the "input" arguments
.arg(arg!(config: -c <CONFIG>).value_parser(value_parser!(PathBuf)));
let matches = cmd.get_matches_mut();
// Let's assume the old version 1.2.3
let mut major = 1;
let mut minor = 2;
let mut patch = 3;
// See if --set-ver was used to set the version manually
let version = if let Some(ver) = matches.get_one::<String>("set-ver") {
if matches.get_flag("major") || matches.get_flag("minor") || matches.get_flag("patch") {
cmd.error(
ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
"Can't do relative and absolute version change",
)
.exit();
}
ver.to_string()
} else {
// Increment the one requested (in a real program, we'd reset the lower numbers)
let (maj, min, pat) = (
matches.get_flag("major"),
matches.get_flag("minor"),
matches.get_flag("patch"),
);
match (maj, min, pat) {
(true, false, false) => major += 1,
(false, true, false) => minor += 1,
(false, false, true) => patch += 1,
_ => {
cmd.error(
ErrorKind::ArgumentConflict,
"Can only modify one version field",
)
.exit();
}
};
format!("{major}.{minor}.{patch}")
};
println!("Version: {version}");
// Check for usage of -c
if matches.contains_id("config") {
let input = matches
.get_one::<PathBuf>("INPUT_FILE")
.or_else(|| matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("spec-in"))
.unwrap_or_else(|| {
cmd.error(
ErrorKind::MissingRequiredArgument,
"INPUT_FILE or --spec-in is required when using --config",
)
.exit()
})
.display();
println!(
"Doing work using input {} and config {}",
input,
matches.get_one::<PathBuf>("config").unwrap().display()
);
}
}
61.6、子命令(Subcommand)
我们可以使用 Command::subcommand 方法添加子命令。每一个子命令都自己的版本、作者、参数和它的子命令。
use clap::{arg, command, Command};
fn main() {
let matches = command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.propagate_version(true)
.subcommand_required(true)
.arg_required_else_help(true)
.subcommand(
Command::new("add")
.about("Adds files to myapp")
.arg(arg!([NAME])),
)
.get_matches();
match matches.subcommand() {
Some(("add", sub_matches)) => println!(
"'myapp add' was used, name is: {:?}",
sub_matches.get_one::<String>("NAME")
),
_ => unreachable!("Exhausted list of subcommands and subcommand_required prevents `None`"),
}
}
我们使用 Command::arg_required_else_help 如果参数不存在，优雅的退出。 使用 Command::propagate_version 可以打印命令的版本号
71.7、测试
我们可以使用 debug_assert! 宏 或者 使用 Command::debug_assert 方法。
use clap::{arg, command, value_parser};
fn main() {
let matches = cmd().get_matches();
// Note, it's safe to call unwrap() because the arg is required
let port: usize = *matches
.get_one::<usize>("PORT")
.expect("'PORT' is required and parsing will fail if its missing");
println!("PORT = {port}");
}
fn cmd() -> clap::Command {
command!() // requires `cargo` feature
.arg(
arg!(<PORT>)
.help("Network port to use")
.value_parser(value_parser!(usize)),
)
}
#[test]
fn verify_cmd() {
cmd().debug_assert();
}
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