python爬虫教程：selenium常用API用法和浏览器控制

文章目录

- - - selenium api
    - - `webdriver`常用`API`
      - `webelement`常用`API`
    - 控制浏览器

selenium api

selenium新版本(4.8.2)很多函数，包括元素定位、很多API方法均发生变化，本文记录以selenium4.8.2为准。

`webdriver`常用`API`

方法	描述
get(String url)	访问目标url地址，打开网页
current_url	获取当前页面url地址
title	获取页面标题
page_source	获取页面源代码
close()	关闭浏览器当前打开的窗口
quit()	关闭浏览器所有的窗口
find_element(by)	查找单个元素
find_elements(by)	查找元素列表，返回一个集合
window_handles	获取当前窗口句柄

from selenium import webdriverbrowser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com') # 网页标题
print(browser.title)
# 当前网址
print(browser.current_url)
# 浏览器名称
print(browser.name)
# cookie
print(browser.get_cookie)
# 当前窗口句柄
print(browser.window_handles)
# 网页源码
print(browser.page_source)

百度一下，你就知道
https://www.baidu.com/
chrome
<bound method WebDriver.get_cookie of <selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver.WebDriver (session="381859b7996708e36891008a494c290e")>>
['01CD0AD3FA1C37889F3BE65C61160946']
<html style="--bubble-width: 140px; --bubble-padding-left: 164px;"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><meta content="always" name="referrer"><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"><meta name="description" content="全球领先的中文搜索引擎、致力于让网民更便捷地获取信息，找到所求。百度超过千亿的中文网页数据库，可以瞬间找到相关的搜索结果。"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.baidu.com/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="百度搜索"><link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask="" href="https://www.baidu.com/favicon.ico"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//dss0.bdstatic.com"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//dss1.bdstatic.com"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ss1.bdstatic.com"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//sp0.baidu.com"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//sp1.baidu.com"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//sp2.baidu.com"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pss.bdstatic.com"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://psstatic.cdn.bcebos.com/video/wiseindex/aa6eef91f8b5b1a33b454c401_1660835115000.png"><title>百度一下，你就知道</title><style index="newi" type="text/css">#form .bdsug{top:39px}.bdsug{display:none;position:absolute;width:535px;background:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc!important;_overflow:hidden;box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 3px #ededed}.bdsug li{width:519px;color:#000;font:14px arial;line-height:25px;padding:0 8px;position:relative;cursor:default}.bdsug li.bdsug-s{background:#f0f0f0}.bdsug-store span,.bdsug-store b{color:#7A77C8}.bdsug-store-del{font-size:12px;color:#666;text-decoration:underline;position:absolute;right:8px;top:0;cursor:pointer;display:none}.bdsug-s .bdsug-store-del{display:inline-block}.bdsug-ala{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}.bdsug-ala h3{line-height:14px;background:url(//www.baidu.com/img/sug_bd.png?v=09816787.png) no-repeat left center;margin:6px 0 4px;font-size:12px;font-weight:400;color:#7B7B7B;padding-left:20px}.bdsug-ala p{font-size:14px;font-weight:700;padding-left:20px}#m .bdsug .bdsug-direct p{color:#00c;font-weight:700;line-height:34px;padding:0 8px;margin-top:0;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}#m .bdsug .bdsug-direct p img{width:16px;height:16px;margin:7px 6px 9px 0;vertical-align:middle}#m .bdsug .bdsug-direct p span{margin-left:8px}#form .bdsug .bdsug-direct{width:auto;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f1}#form .bdsug .bdsug-direct p i{font-size:12px;line-height:100%;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;color:#fff;background-color:#2b99ff;display:inline;text-align:center;padding:1px 5px;*padding:2px 5px 0;margin-left:8px;overflow:hidden}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:30px;height:30px;background-color:#f8f8f8}.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip{position:absolute;right:15px;top:8px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(https://pss.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/protocol/https/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;background-color:#f5f5f5}.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{position:absolute;right:15px;top:3px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(https://pss.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/protocol/https/global/img/pc_direct_42d6311.png) no-repeat 0 0}.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-is-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip,.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{background-position:0 -15px}.bdsug .bdsug-newicon{color:#929292;opacity:.7;font-size:12px;display:inline-block;line-height:22px;letter-spacing:2px}.bdsug .bdsug-s .bdsug-newicon{opacity:1}.bdsug .bdsug-newicon i{letter-spacing:0;font-style:normal}.bdsug .bdsug-feedback-wrap{display:none}.toggle-underline{text-decoration:none}.toggle-underline:hover{text-decoration:underline}.bdpfmenu,.usermenu{border:1px solid #d1d1d1;position:absolute;width:105px;top:36px;z-index:302;box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-webkit-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-moz-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1;-o-box-shadow:1px 1px 5px #d1d1d1}.bdpfmenu{font-size:12px;background-color:#fff}.bdpfmenu a,.usermenu a{display:block;text-align:left;margin:0!important;padding:0 9px;line-height:26px;text-decoration:none}.briiconsbg{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:300px 18px;background-image:url(https://pss.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/protocol/https/home/img/icons_0c37e9b.png);background-image:url(https://pss.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/protocol/https/home/img/icons_809ae65.gif)\9}.bdpfmenu a:link,.bdpfmenu a:visited,#u .usermenu a:link,#u .usermenu a:visited{background:#fff;color:#333}.bdpfmenu a:hover,.bdpfmenu a:active,#u .usermenu a:hover,#u .usermenu a:active{background:#38f;text-decoration:none;color:#fff}.bdpfmenu{width:70px}#wrapper .bdnuarrow{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;top:-10px;left:50%;margin-left:-5px}#wrapper .bdnuarrow em,#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{width:0;height:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;display:block;position:absolute;border:5px solid transparent;border-style:dashed dashed solid}#wrapper .bdnuarrow em{border-bottom-color:#d8d8d8;top:-1px}#wrapper .bdnuarrow i{border-bottom-color:#fff;top:0}#gxszHead .prefpanelclose{cursor:pointer;width:16px;height:16px;float:right;margin-top:7px;background-position:-248px 0}#gxszHead .prefpanelclose:hover{background-position:-264px 0}.s_ipt::-webkit-input-placeholder{padding-left:3px;color:#aaa;font-size:13px}.s_ipt::-moz-placeholder{padding-left:3px;color:#aaa;font-size:13px}.s_ipt:-ms-input-placeholder{padding-left:3px;color:#aaa;font-size:13px}.s_ipt::placeholder{padding-left:3px;color:#aaa;font-size:13px}.kw-placeholder{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;color:#aaa;font-size:13px;height:40px;line-height:40px;padding-left:10px;max-width:360px;z-index:99;pointer-events:none}.kw-placeholder.kw-placehlder-high{height:40px;line-height:40px}.kw-placeholder.placeholders-hidden{visibility:hidden}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new{width:544px;top:35px;border-radius:0 0 10px 10px;border:2px solid #4E6EF2!important;border-top:0!important;box-shadow:none;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;z-index:1}#head_wrapper.sam_head_wrapper2 #form .bdsug-new{width:545px;z-index:1;border:1px solid #4E6EF2!important;border-top:0!important}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul{margin:7px 14px 0;padding:8px 0 7px;background:0 0;border-top:2px solid #f5f5f6}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li{width:auto;padding-left:14px;margin-left:-14px;margin-right:-14px;color:#626675;line-height:28px;background:0 0;font-family:Arial,sans-serif}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-search-icon,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-history-icon{margin-right:4px;color:#222}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li span{color:#626675}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li b{font-weight:400;color:#222}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new .bdsug-store-del{font-size:13px;text-decoration:none;color:#9195A3;right:16px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new .bdsug-store-del:hover{color:#315EFB;cursor:pointer}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover span,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover b{cursor:pointer}.wrapper_new #form .bdsug-new .bdsug-s{background-color:#F5F5F6!important}.wrapper_new #form .sam_search .bdsug-new .bdsug-s{background-color:#F1F3FD!important}#head_wrapper #form .sam_search .bdsug-new .bdsug-s{background-color:#F1F3FD!important}#head .s-down #form .bdsug-new{top:32px}.s-skin-hasbg #head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new{border-color:#4569ff!important;border-top:0!important}.s-skin-hasbg #head_wrapper.s-down #form .bdsug-new{border-color:#4e6ef2!important;border-top:0!important}.s-skin-hasbg #head_wrapper.s-down #form.sam_search .bdsug-new{border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05)!important;border-top:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)!important;top:54px!important}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new .bdsug-s,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new .bdsug-s span,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new .bdsug-s b{color:#315EFB}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new>div span:hover,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new>div a:hover{color:#315EFB!important}#head_wrapper #form #kw.new-ipt-focus{border-color:#4e6ef2}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li{}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-hot-orange,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-hot-grey,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-hot-blue{display:inline-block;width:12px;height:12px;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;padding:2px;text-align:center;font-weight:500;margin-left:6px;vertical-align:text-bottom}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-hot-orange{display:inline-block;color:#fff;background:#F60;border-radius:4px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-new-tag{text-align:center;margin-left:6px;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:12px;line-height:14px;padding:1px 4px;font-weight:500}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-new-tag-grey{color:#858585;border:1px solid rgba(133,133,133,.5);border-radius:4px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-new-tag-blue{color:#36F;border:1px solid rgba(51,102,255,.4);border-radius:4px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-new-tag-orange{color:#F33;border:1px solid rgba(255,51,51,.4);border-radius:4px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-tag-text{display:inline-block;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:6px;height:18px;padding:2px 4px;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;font-weight:500;text-align:center;border-radius:4px;vertical-align:middle;border-width:1px;border-style:solid}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .sug-tag-img{height:18px;max-width:80px;vertical-align:middle;margin-left:6px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap{display:block;height:40px;padding:7px 0;color:#222}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap:visited{color:#222}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .left-img-wrap{position:relative}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .left-img-wrap::before{content:"";width:38px;height:38px;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;left:0;bottom:0;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.06);border-radius:9px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .left-img{box-sizing:border-box;float:left;width:40px;height:40px;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.06);border-radius:9px;margin-right:6px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .content{float:left}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .header{margin-bottom:6px;line-height:18px;height:18px;vertical-align:middle}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .name{float:left;font-size:18px;color:#222;font-weight:500}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .tag-img{width:18px;margin-left:4px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .more{line-height:14px;width:240px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .brief,#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .info{font-size:14px;color:#222;font-weight:400}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .brief{margin-right:6px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .right-btn{float:right;margin-top:5px;margin-right:6px;width:60px;height:24px;text-align:center;font-size:14px;color:#36F;line-height:24px;background-image:linear-gradient(111deg,#e8f7ff 0,#edf0ff 100%);border-radius:12px}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li .direct-sug-wrap .right-btn:hover{background:#315efb;color:#fff}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover .direct-sug-wrap .name{color:#315EFB}#head_wrapper #form .bdsug-new ul li:hover .direct-sug-wrap .brief{color:#222}#head_wrapper.s-down #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new{top:52px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new{width:100%;box-shadow:0 4px 4px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1);border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.05)!important;border-radius:12px;top:56px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul{border:0;padding:0 0 7px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul li{line-height:32px}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new ul .bdsug-s{background-color:#F1F3FD!important}#head_wrapper #form .sam-bdsug.bdsug-new .bdsug-store-del{right:15px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu{z-index:1;display:none;position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-12px;font-size:24px;color:#4E6EF2;height:24px;line-height:24px;width:24px;cursor:pointer;-webkit-transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transform:translate3d(0,0,0);transition:transform .3s ease}.sam_search .sam_search_rec{right:54px}.sam_search .sam_search_soutu{right:14px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec:hover,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu:hover{color:#1D4FFF!important;transform:scale(1.08,1.08)}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover{background:#626675;border-radius:8px;height:32px;width:76px;text-align:center;line-height:32px;font-size:13px;color:#FFF;position:absolute;z-index:2;top:50px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover:before,.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover:before{content:'';border:4px solid transparent;border-bottom:4px solid #626675;position:absolute;left:50%;top:-8px;margin-left:-4px}.sam_search .sam_search_rec_hover{right:29px}.sam_search .sam_search_soutu_hover{display:none;right:-12px}</style><style type="text/css" index="superbase">blockquote,body,button,dd,dl,dt,fieldset,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,hr,input,legend,li,ol,p,pre,td,textarea,th,ul{margin:0;padding:0}
html{color:#000;overflow-y:scroll;overflow:-moz-scrollbars}
body,button,input,select,textarea{font-size:12px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif}
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-size:100%}
em{font-style:normal}
small{font-size:12px}
ol,ul{list-style:none}
a{text-decoration:none}
a:hover{text-decoration:underline}
legend{color:#000}
fieldset,img{border:0}
button,input,select,textarea{font-size:100%}
table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0}
img{-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic}
textarea{resize:vertical}
.left{float:left}
.right{float:right}
.overflow{overflow:hidden}
.hide{display:none}
.block{display:block}

与之前的函数名称相比，函数前面的get都被去掉，然后函数的命名方法也从驼峰命名法变为python常用的下划线命名法。

`webelement`常用`API`

通过 WebElement 实现与网站页面上元素的交互，这些元素包含文本框、文本域、按钮、单选框、div等。

方法	描述
click()	对元素进行点击
clear()	清空内容（如文本框内容）
send_keys()	写入内容与模拟按键操作
is_displayed()	元素是否可见（true:可见）
is_enabled	元素是否启用
is_selected()	元素是否已选择
tag_name	获取元素标签名
get_attritube()	获取元素对应的属性值
text	获取元素文本值（可见状态下才能获取到）
submit()	表单提交

代码示例

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import Bydriver = webdriver.Chrome()url = 'https://www.51bmj.cn/policyNotice/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82/1/%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0'driver.get(url)xpath = '//*[@id="__layout"]/div/div/div[2]/div[3]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/a'
print(xpath)element = driver.find_element(by = By.XPATH, value=xpath)# is_displayed 是否可见
print(element.is_displayed())
# is_enabled 是否启用
print(element.is_enabled())
# is_selected 是否选择
print(element.is_selected())
# name 元素标签名
print(element.tag_name)
# get_attritube 获取元素属性名
print(element.get_attribute('href'))
# text 获取元素文本值
print(element.text)

//*[@id="__layout"]/div/div/div[2]/div[3]/div[2]/div[1]/div[1]/a
False
True
False
a
https://51bmj.cn/inform/3247500

控制浏览器

在这里插入图片描述

代码示例

from selenium import webdriver
import time  browser = webdriver.Chrome()# 设置浏览器全屏
browser.maximize_window()   
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')  
time.sleep(2)# 打开淘宝页面
browser.get('https://www.bilibili.com/')  
time.sleep(2)# 后退到百度页面
browser.back()  
time.sleep(2)# 前进的淘宝页面
browser.forward() 
time.sleep(2)# 关闭浏览器
browser.close()

from selenium import webdriver
import time  driver = webdriver.Chrome()url = 'https://bootapi.51bmj.cn/bmj-api/api/es/Policy/queryPolicyList.json?domain=undefined'# 设置浏览器大小：全屏
driver.maximize_window()   
driver.get('https://www.51bmj.cn/policyNotice/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82/1/%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0')  
#time.sleep(2)# 设置分辨率 500*500
driver.set_window_size(500,500)  # 关闭浏览器
#driver.close()