这里要使用国内镜像源，有一部分镜像源目前不好使了

前后用过清华镜像镜像源（ http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ ）、163镜像源（http://mirrors.163.com/debian/）目前都不太行了

更换为阿里云镜像源，进入容器之后操作如下 

cd /etc/apt
echo ""  > sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-proposed-updates main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian/ bullseye-proposed-updates main contrib" >> /etc/apt/sources.list

修改之后执行

apt-get update
apt-get install vim  

正常安装