简介

quinn是Rust编程语言中用于实现QUIC（Quick UDP Internet Connections）协议的一个crate（包）。它提供了一个高级别的API，用于构建基于QUIC的网络应用程序。quinn crate的设计目标是提供一个简洁、安全和高性能的QUIC实现。它内部使用了Rust的异步编程模型（async/await），使得编写异步网络代码更加方便和高效。
本文主要介绍其发送数据的流程

QUIC协议中的概念

endpoint（端点）

在QUIC（Quick UDP Internet Connections）协议中，Endpoint（端点）是指QUIC连接的一端，可以是客户端或服务器。每个端点都有自己的网络地址，并与其他端点进行通信以建立和管理QUIC连接。在quinn中，endpoint对应一个操作系统的socket。例如client的Endpoint创建时就是bind了一个本地的地址。

    pub fn client(addr: SocketAddr) -> io::Result<Self> {let socket = std::net::UdpSocket::bind(addr)?;let runtime = default_runtime().ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, "no async runtime found"))?;Self::new_with_runtime(EndpointConfig::default(),None,runtime.wrap_udp_socket(socket)?,runtime,)}

connection（连接）

两个endpoint之间可以建立connection，并且一个endpoint可以向多个endpoint建立连接。

注意与TCP不同的是，QUIC的一个socket可以同时向多个其他socket建立连接。而TCP中每一个连接都对应client和server端的两个socket。

Stream（流）

一条连接可以同时存在多条流，每条流上的数据相互独立，一条流发生阻塞不会影响其他流。（TCP相当于只有一条流，所以会有对头阻塞的缺陷。）

client的流ID为奇数，server的流ID为偶数

Frame (帧)

流是抽象出的概念，而实际上在链路上传输的只是不同的帧，不同流的帧中会有流ID用于标识此帧属于哪条流，接收端收到后根据流ID将对应的帧放入对应的流缓冲区。

发包过程解析

以官方的client Example为例。其关键步骤如下述伪代码所示，主要包括：创建endpoint、创建连接、创建流、最后写入数据。

 //创建endpointlet mut endpoint = quinn::Endpoint::client("[::]:0".parse().unwrap())?; ...//创建连接let conn = endpoint.connect(remote, host)?.await.map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to connect: {}", e))?;//创建流let (mut send, mut recv) = conn.open_bi().await.map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to open stream: {}", e))?;//写数据send.write_all(request.as_bytes()).await.map_err(|e| anyhow!("failed to send request: {}", e))?;

SendStream::write_all

首先我们以流写入数据为切入点来看。
write_all接口实际上是产生了一个WriteAll的Future，数据会暂时放在WriteAll结构体里。当Runtime(默认为Tokio的运行时)下一次poll此Future时才会将数据写入到该流的缓冲区中。

impl<'a> Future for WriteAll<'a> {type Output = Result<(), WriteError>;fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context) -> Poll<Self::Output> {let this = self.get_mut();loop {if this.buf.is_empty() {return Poll::Ready(Ok(()));}let buf = this.buf;#将数据写入缓冲区let n = ready!(this.stream.execute_poll(cx, |s| s.write(buf)))?;this.buf = &this.buf[n..];}}
}

注意向流的缓冲区写数据时，是经过了流控逻辑的：当可写空间为0时，写操作会被block。可写空间一般由send_window-unacked_data，send_window和unacked_data都是连接级的，所有流都受此限制。send_window是开始时设置的，此值决定整个连接的发送缓冲区的峰值大小。当应用连接数较多时应该谨慎设置此值，避免因内存占用过多而引起OOM。

    /// Returns the maximum amount of data this is allowed to be written on the connectionpub(crate) fn write_limit(&self) -> u64 {(self.max_data - self.data_sent).min(self.send_window - self.unacked_data)}

写入的数据最终又被暂时放在SendBuffer的unacked_segments里。

impl SendBuffer {/// Append application data to the end of the streampub(super) fn write(&mut self, data: Bytes) {self.unacked_len += data.len();self.offset += data.len() as u64;self.unacked_segments.push_back(data);}
}

到这里，write_all这个操作就算是结束了。那么放入缓冲区的数据又是如何进一步被发送的呢？

ConnectionDriver

我们把视线回到 endpoint.connect(remote, host)?.await，在连接建立时，产生了一个ConnectionDriver的Future，此ConnectionDriver一产生就被丢进runtime中去持续地执行了。

        runtime.spawn(Box::pin(ConnectionDriver(conn.clone()).instrument(Span::current()),));

而这个ConnectionDriver在被poll时最终会调用Connection::poll_transmit–>Connection::populate_packet获取将要发送的帧

    fn populate_packet(&mut self,now: Instant,space_id: SpaceId,buf: &mut BytesMut,max_size: usize,pn: u64,) -> SentFrames {let mut sent = SentFrames::default();......// STREAMif space_id == SpaceId::Data {sent.stream_frames = self.streams.write_stream_frames(buf, max_size);self.stats.frame_tx.stream += sent.stream_frames.len() as u64;}sent}

StreamsState::write_stream_frames方法中从优先级队列中取出优先级最高的流并将其数据写入buf，如果流的数据都已发送完毕则将此流从优先级队列中取出。

pub(crate) fn write_stream_frames(&mut self,buf: &mut BytesMut,max_buf_size: usize,) -> StreamMetaVec {let mut stream_frames = StreamMetaVec::new();while buf.len() + frame::Stream::SIZE_BOUND < max_buf_size {if max_buf_size.checked_sub(buf.len() + frame::Stream::SIZE_BOUND).is_none(){break;}//不同优先级的数量let num_levels = self.pending.len();//获取优先级最高的队列let mut level = match self.pending.peek_mut() {Some(x) => x,None => break,};// Poppping data from the front of the queue, storing as much data// as possible in a single frame, and enqueing sending further// remaining data at the end of the queue helps with fairness.// Other streams will have a chance to write data before we touch// this stream again.//从队列中拿到第一个流let id = match level.queue.get_mut().pop_front() {Some(x) => x,None => {debug_assert!(num_levels == 1,"An empty queue is only allowed for a single level");break;}};//拿到具体的流let stream = match self.send.get_mut(&id) {Some(s) => s,// Stream was reset with pending data and the reset was acknowledgedNone => continue,};// Reset streams aren't removed from the pending list and still exist while the peer// hasn't acknowledged the reset, but should not generate STREAM frames, so we need to// check for them explicitly.if stream.is_reset() {continue;}// Now that we know the `StreamId`, we can better account for how many bytes// are required to encode it.let max_buf_size = max_buf_size - buf.len() - 1 - VarInt::size(id.into());//从流中获取到本次要写的偏移量let (offsets, encode_length) = stream.pending.poll_transmit(max_buf_size);//如果流中的数据都已经发送完，则将此流从pending队列中移除let fin = offsets.end == stream.pending.offset()&& matches!(stream.state, SendState::DataSent { .. });if fin {stream.fin_pending = false;}if stream.is_pending() {if level.priority == stream.priority {// Enqueue for the same levellevel.queue.get_mut().push_back(id);} else {// Enqueue for a different level. If the current level is empty, drop itif level.queue.borrow().is_empty() && num_levels != 1 {// We keep the last level around even in empty form so that// the next insert doesn't have to reallocate the queuePeekMut::pop(level);} else {drop(level);}push_pending(&mut self.pending, id, stream.priority);}} else if level.queue.borrow().is_empty() && num_levels != 1 {// We keep the last level around even in empty form so that// the next insert doesn't have to reallocate the queuePeekMut::pop(level);}let meta = frame::StreamMeta { id, offsets, fin };trace!(id = %meta.id, off = meta.offsets.start, len = meta.offsets.end - meta.offsets.start, fin = meta.fin, "STREAM");//写入帧的头部meta.encode(encode_length, buf);// The range might not be retrievable in a single `get` if it is// stored in noncontiguous fashion. Therefore this loop iterates// until the range is fully copied into the frame.let mut offsets = meta.offsets.clone();while offsets.start != offsets.end {let data = stream.pending.get(offsets.clone());offsets.start += data.len() as u64;//写入具体数据buf.put_slice(data);}stream_frames.push(meta);}stream_frames}

到了这里，要发送的数据实际上还是暂存在缓冲区了。然后又以EndpointEvent::Transmit事件的方式通过channel发送到endpoint的协程里。

fn drive_transmit(&mut self) -> bool {let now = Instant::now();let mut transmits = 0;let max_datagrams = self.socket.max_transmit_segments();let capacity = self.inner.current_mtu();let mut buffer = BytesMut::with_capacity(capacity as usize);while let Some(t) = self.inner.poll_transmit(now, max_datagrams, &mut buffer) {transmits += match t.segment_size {None => 1,Some(s) => (t.size + s - 1) / s, // round up};// If the endpoint driver is gone, noop.let size = t.size;//将要发送的数据发送到endpoint协程let _ = self.endpoint_events.send((self.handle,EndpointEvent::Transmit(t, buffer.split_to(size).freeze()),));if transmits >= MAX_TRANSMIT_DATAGRAMS {// TODO: What isn't ideal here yet is that if we don't poll all// datagrams that could be sent we don't go into the `app_limited`// state and CWND continues to grow until we get here the next time.// See https://github.com/quinn-rs/quinn/issues/1126return true;}}false}

ConnectionDriver的任务到这里就完成了，总的来说ConnectionDriver的任务就是从流中取出数据，并最终将数据通过channel发送给endpoint

EndpointDriver

与connection的逻辑类似，endpoints建立时就已经spawn了一个EndpointDriver在后台一直poll，正是在poll方法中会处理来自ConnectionDriver发来的events，并写入outgoing缓冲区中。

    fn handle_events(&mut self, cx: &mut Context, shared: &Shared) -> bool {use EndpointEvent::*;for _ in 0..IO_LOOP_BOUND {match self.events.poll_recv(cx) {Poll::Ready(Some((ch, event))) => match event {......//接受从ConnectionDriver发过来的Transmit，并写入到outgoing缓冲区中Transmit(t, buf) => {let contents_len = buf.len();self.outgoing.push_back(udp_transmit(t, buf));self.transmit_queue_contents_len = self.transmit_queue_contents_len.saturating_add(contents_len);}},Poll::Ready(None) => unreachable!("EndpointInner owns one sender"),Poll::Pending => {return false;}}}true}

在drive_send中从outgoing缓冲区中取出数据并写入socket

 fn drive_send(&mut self, cx: &mut Context) -> Result<bool, io::Error> {self.send_limiter.start_cycle();let result = loop {if self.outgoing.is_empty() {break Ok(false);}if !self.send_limiter.allow_work() {break Ok(true);}//实际写入match self.socket.poll_send(cx, self.outgoing.as_slices().0) {Poll::Ready(Ok(n)) => {let contents_len: usize =self.outgoing.drain(..n).map(|t| t.contents.len()).sum();self.transmit_queue_contents_len = self.transmit_queue_contents_len.saturating_sub(contents_len);// We count transmits instead of `poll_send` calls since the cost// of a `sendmmsg` still linearly increases with number of packets.self.send_limiter.record_work(n);}Poll::Pending => {break Ok(false);}Poll::Ready(Err(e)) => {break Err(e);}}};self.send_limiter.finish_cycle();result}

至此，整个发送过程就算完了。写入socket的数据由具体的操作系统底层去实现了。