---

一、监控有哪些指标

监控1. 业务监控(上层概念 - 领导层)：需求方：老板、运营开发方： 大数据库 ，都会访问业务库，大数据库会从同步库， 宽表QPS、DAU日活、访问状态(http code)、业务接口(登录、注册、聊天、上传、留言、搜索、投诉)、 产品转换率、充值额度2. 系统监控需求方： 运维开发方： 运维操作系统相关： cpu使用率、内存使用、磁盘使用率、磁盘空间（非常常见）、TCP(上W的链接)，流量组件： mysql、redis、kafka3. 日志监控需求方：运维、开发开发方：开发两种日志：业务日志（大数据， 普通日志）、 系统日志（操作系统日志、mysql组件日志、kakfa的日志）监控中的重头戏，一般我们都会对单独针对日志设计日志管理系统， ELK日志系统， loki4. 网络监控：需求方：机房管理开放方：服务器管理IDC 交换机、路由器、防火墙、负载均衡、服务器、机柜、电源、UPS、空调、网络设备、机房环境监控，网络：内部网络（物理内网，虚拟内网（VPN））监控5. 程序监控：需求方：开发开发方：开发比如产生了 500 ErrUserNotFound一般要运维和开发人员配合，开发人员在程序中提供监控接口，运维人员通过接口获取监控数据prometheus的数据格式： metricsmetrics是一种对采样数据的总称

二、prometheus、grafana架构

官网：https://prometheus.fuckcloudnative.io/di-yi-zhang-jie-shao/overview

Prometheus 组件

• Prometheus server：Prometheus 的核心组件，负责收集、存储和查询时间序列数据。
• Exporters：Exporters 是 Prometheus 用来从目标系统收集数据的插件。Exporters 可以是主动拉取数据的，也可以是被动推送数据的。
• Pushgateway：Pushgateway 是一个被动推送数据的 Exporter，用于收集短暂运行的任务或服务的数据。
• Alertmanager：Alertmanager 负责处理 Prometheus 发出的告警，并将告警发送到指定的通知系统。
• Prometheus web UI：Prometheus 自带的 Web 界面，用于查看 Prometheus 收集的数据。

Grafana 组件

• Grafana：一个开源的图形化数据可视化工具，用于将 Prometheus 的数据进行可视化展示。
  架构说明

Prometheus通过 Exporters 从目标系统收集数据，并将数据存储到 Prometheus server。Prometheus server 还可以通过 Pushgateway 收集短暂运行的任务或服务的数据。Alertmanager 负责处理 Prometheus 发出的告警，并将告警发送到指定的通知系统。Prometheus web UI 用于查看 Prometheus 收集的数据。

Grafana 与 Prometheus 的结合

Grafana 可以与 Prometheus 结合使用，将 Prometheus 的数据进行可视化展示。Grafana 可以创建各种类型的图表，用于展示 Prometheus 的数据，例如曲线图、柱状图、饼图等。

架构优点

Prometheus 和 Grafana 的结合具有以下优点：

• 可扩展性：Prometheus 和 Grafana 都是可扩展的系统，可以满足不同规模的监控需求。
• 灵活性：Prometheus 和 Grafana 提供了丰富的功能，可以满足不同的监控需求。
• 开源：Prometheus 和 Grafana 都是开源软件，可以免费使用。

三、安装prometheus和node-exporter

1. docker pull镜像

docker pull prom/node-exporter
docker pull prom/prometheus
docker pull grafana/grafana

2. 启动node-exporter

docker run -d -p 9100:9100 -v "/proc:/host/proc:ro" -v "/sys:/host/sys:ro" -v "/:/rootfs:ro" prom/node-exporter

访问url：
http://127.0.0.1:9100/metrics

3. 启动prometheus

建立 /opt/prometheus/prometheus.yml

内容如下：

global:scrape_interval: 60sevaluation_interval:	60sscrape_configs:- job_name: prometheusstatic_configs:- targets: ['localhost:9090']labels:instance: prometheus- job_name: linuxstatic_configs:- targets: ['自己的ip:9100']labels:instance: localhost

启动：

docker run -d \
-p 9090:9090 \
-v /opt/prometheus/prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml \
prom/prometheus

访问url：

127.0.0.1:9090/graph

四、promql基本语法

不需要花过多的精力学习它 用到的时候使用即可

Prometheus Query Language（PromQL）是用于查询和分析从 Prometheus 中收集的监控指标数据的查询语言。以下是 PromQL 的基本语法和一些常见的查询操作符：

1. 选择时间范围：

   • time(): 获取当前时间戳。
   • timestamp(): 将时间戳转换为日期和时间。
   • offset <duration>: 偏移查询的时间范围。

2. 选择指标数据：

   • <metric_name>: 选择具体的指标名称。
   • {<label_name>=<label_value>}: 使用标签选择指标实例。
   • up{job="api"}: 选择标签 job 等于 api 的指标数据。

3. 基本查询操作符：

   • =: 等于。
   • !=: 不等于。
   • =~: 正则表达式匹配。
   • !~: 不匹配正则表达式。

4. 聚合操作：

   • sum(<vector>): 对指标数据进行求和。
   • avg(<vector>): 对指标数据取平均值。
   • min(<vector>): 获取指标数据的最小值。
   • max(<vector>): 获取指标数据的最大值。
   • count(<vector>): 计算指标数据的数量。
   • rate(<vector>[<duration>]): 计算速率，通常用于计算速率指标，例如请求速率。
   • increase(<vector>[<duration>]): 计算增长量，通常用于计算计数器类型的指标。

5. 时间窗口：

   • [<duration>]: 指定查询的时间范围。
   • offset <duration>: 设置查询时间范围的偏移量。

6. 聚合函数：

   • by(<label>): 按标签对结果进行分组。
   • topk(<k>, <vector>): 获取前 k 个结果。
   • quantile(<q>, <vector>): 计算分位数。

7. 布尔操作：

   • and: 逻辑与。
   • or: 逻辑或。
   • unless: 逻辑非。

8. 函数：PromQL 支持多种函数，用于对指标数据进行操作和处理，如 abs(), floor(), ceil(), round() 等。

9. 括号：可以使用括号来控制操作符的优先级。

以下是一些示例 PromQL 查询：

• up{job="api"}: 选择标签 job 等于 api 的 up 指标数据。
• sum(rate(http_requests_total{job="web"}[5m])): 计算过去 5 分钟内 job 为 web 的 http_requests_total 指标的速率总和。
• node_cpu{mode="idle"} / ignoring(cpu) group_left sum(node_cpu)：计算 node_cpu 中 mode 为 “idle” 的 CPU 使用率与所有 CPU 使用率的比例，同时按 node_cpu 的标签进行分组。

PromQL 具有丰富的功能和语法，允许您执行各种复杂的查询和分析操作，以满足您的监控需求。要深入了解 PromQL，请参考 Prometheus 官方文档或相关教程。

五、grafana的安装和使用

1. 新建空文件夹grafana-storage，用来存储数据

mkdir /opt/grafana-storage
chmod 777 -R /opt/grafana-storage

2. 启动grafana(如果和已有的端口冲突改一下端口)

docker run -d -p 3000:3000 --name=grafana -v /opt/grafana-storage/:/var/lib/grafana grafana/grafana

访问：

127.0.0.1:3000

默认用户名密码：admin/admin

3. 配置prometheus并使用

点进Data sources

然后add一个

输入自己的ip直接完成：

这时候没有展示 展示什么需要自己配置

重点了解一下panel或row就可以了

panel是仪表盘
row是很多panel

这里直接点蓝按钮了

然后进行查询就可以看到数据了

这里apply以后可以save保存

保存完以后可以直接进来看你创建的指标 也就是一个row

六、导入Grafana模板

官方模板：grafana.com/grafana/dashboards/?search=kafka

比如找一个redis的模板下载：

下载完json之后导入到grafana：

可以找其他的模板导入 比如jaeger redis等等

七、guages、counter、histograms指标

guages

最简单的度量指标，只是一个简单的返回值，或者叫瞬时状态，我们想要知道一个队列中的个数
比如：当前的内存使用率、当前的CPU使用率、当前的磁盘使用率、当前的磁盘空间、当前的TCP连接数、当前的流量、当前的QPS、当前的DAU、当前的访问状态、当前的业务接口、当前的产品转换率、当前的充值额度、当前的业务日志、当前的系统日志、当前的网络设备、当前的服务器、当前的机柜、当前的电源、当前的UPS、当前的空调、当前的网络设备、当前的机房环境监控、当前的程序监控
随着时间的推移， 这个值是不断变化的， 这个值有可能增加，有可能减少

Counter

是计数器， 这个值是从0开始累积，在理想状态下，这个值不可能减少
在理想状态下：如果我的服务器重启，同时这个数是放在内存中的

guages和counter是最主要的类型 70%

Histograms

http_res_time 表示http请求的响应时间
nginx
如果我要统计一天的所有访问的平均耗时
如果我们统计下来平均耗时是50ms 但是， 现在中午有一段时间系统卡住了， 1W个请求 平均耗时是在5s，
但是由于我们每天的访问量很大， 1000W访问量，这个5s耗时的请求就被平均掉了
越早发现越好， 有可能是程序的bug，也有可能是系统的bug
50ms以内有多少请求， 50-200ms有多少请求 200ms-500ms有多少请求 500ms-1s有多少请求 1s-5s有多少请求 5s以上有多少请求
分布式图

八、go语言集成prometheus

直接上代码：

package mainimport ("github.com/gin-gonic/gin""github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus""github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto""github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promhttp""time"
)// 声明一个counter
var (opt = promauto.NewCounter(prometheus.CounterOpts{Name: "jzin_test",Help: "just for test",})
)// 每秒自增
func recordMetrics() {for {opt.Inc()time.Sleep(2 * time.Second)}
}// 启动一个http服务，暴露metrics 让prometheus拉取
func main() {go recordMetrics()r := gin.Default()//promauto.NewCounter会把counter注册到defaultRegisterer中 gin.WrapH(promhttp.Handler())会把defaultRegisterer中的metrics暴露出来r.GET("/metrics", gin.WrapH(promhttp.Handler()))_ = r.Run(":8050")
}

启动后集成到/opt/prometheus里 添加你自己的ip:端口

比如：

global:scrape_interval: 60sevaluation_interval: 60sscrape_configs:- job_name: prometheusstatic_configs:- targets: ['localhost:9090']labels:instance: prometheus- job_name: linuxstatic_configs:- targets: ['172.26.28.143:9100', '你自己的ip:端口']labels:instance: localhost

然后重新运行prometheus

测试：

也可以集成到Garfana中

九、grpc框架集成prometheus

代码有点多 有点复杂 想要的私信吧

十、gin框架集成prometheus

使用现用的库：https://github.com/penglongli/gin-metrics.git

按照第三方实现即可：

package mainimport ("github.com/gin-gonic/gin""github.com/penglongli/gin-metrics/ginmetrics"
)func main() {r := gin.Default()// get global Monitor objectm := ginmetrics.GetMonitor()// +optional set metric path, default /debug/metricsm.SetMetricPath("/metrics")// +optional set slow time, default 5sm.SetSlowTime(10)// +optional set request duration, default {0.1, 0.3, 1.2, 5, 10}// used to p95, p99m.SetDuration([]float64{0.1, 0.3, 1.2, 5, 10})// set middleware for ginm.Use(r)r.GET("/product/:id", func(ctx *gin.Context) {"productId": ctx.Param("id"),})})_ = r.Run()
}

第三方还提供了garfana的直方图：

看起来效果挺好

json导入：

{"annotations": {"list": [{"builtIn": 1,"datasource": "-- Grafana --","enable": true,"hide": true,"iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)","name": "Annotations & Alerts","type": "dashboard"}]},"editable": true,"gnetId": null,"graphTooltip": 0,"id": 1,"links": [],"panels": [{"datasource": null,"description": "Application request rate every 5 minutes.","fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {},"mappings": [],"thresholds": {"mode": "absolute","steps": [{"color": "green","value": null},{"color": "red","value": 80}]}},"overrides": []},"gridPos": {"h": 6,"w": 8,"x": 0,"y": 0},"id": 4,"options": {"reduceOptions": {"calcs": ["mean"],"fields": "","values": false},"showThresholdLabels": false,"showThresholdMarkers": true},"pluginVersion": "7.2.0","targets": [{"expr": "rate(gin_request_total[5m])","interval": "","legendFormat": "","refId": "A"}],"timeFrom": null,"timeShift": null,"title": "PV Rate","type": "gauge"},{"aliasColors": {},"bars": false,"dashLength": 10,"dashes": false,"datasource": "Prometheus","description": "","fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {}},"overrides": []},"fill": 1,"fillGradient": 0,"gridPos": {"h": 6,"w": 8,"x": 8,"y": 0},"hiddenSeries": false,"id": 2,"legend": {"avg": false,"current": false,"max": false,"min": false,"show": true,"total": false,"values": false},"lines": true,"linewidth": 1,"nullPointMode": "null","options": {"alertThreshold": true},"percentage": false,"pluginVersion": "7.2.0","pointradius": 2,"points": false,"renderer": "flot","seriesOverrides": [],"spaceLength": 10,"stack": false,"steppedLine": false,"targets": [{"expr": "gin_request_total","format": "time_series","instant": false,"interval": "","legendFormat": "{{instance}}","refId": "A"}],"thresholds": [],"timeFrom": null,"timeRegions": [],"timeShift": null,"title": "PV","tooltip": {"shared": true,"sort": 0,"value_type": "individual"},"type": "graph","xaxis": {"buckets": null,"mode": "time","name": null,"show": true,"values": []},"yaxes": [{"format": "short","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true},{"format": "short","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true}],"yaxis": {"align": false,"alignLevel": null}},{"aliasColors": {},"bars": false,"dashLength": 10,"dashes": false,"datasource": null,"fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {}},"overrides": []},"fill": 1,"fillGradient": 0,"gridPos": {"h": 6,"w": 8,"x": 16,"y": 0},"hiddenSeries": false,"id": 6,"legend": {"avg": false,"current": false,"max": false,"min": false,"show": true,"total": false,"values": false},"lines": true,"linewidth": 1,"nullPointMode": "null","options": {"alertThreshold": true},"percentage": false,"pluginVersion": "7.2.0","pointradius": 2,"points": false,"renderer": "flot","seriesOverrides": [],"spaceLength": 10,"stack": false,"steppedLine": false,"targets": [{"expr": "gin_request_uv_total","interval": "","legendFormat": "{{instance}}","refId": "A"}],"thresholds": [],"timeFrom": null,"timeRegions": [],"timeShift": null,"title": "UV","tooltip": {"shared": true,"sort": 0,"value_type": "individual"},"type": "graph","xaxis": {"buckets": null,"mode": "time","name": null,"show": true,"values": []},"yaxes": [{"format": "short","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true},{"format": "short","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true}],"yaxis": {"align": false,"alignLevel": null}},{"aliasColors": {},"bars": false,"dashLength": 10,"dashes": false,"datasource": null,"fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {},"unit": "Bps"},"overrides": []},"fill": 1,"fillGradient": 0,"gridPos": {"h": 8,"w": 15,"x": 0,"y": 6},"hiddenSeries": false,"id": 12,"legend": {"avg": false,"current": false,"max": false,"min": false,"show": true,"total": false,"values": false},"lines": true,"linewidth": 1,"nullPointMode": "null","options": {"alertThreshold": true},"percentage": false,"pluginVersion": "7.2.0","pointradius": 2,"points": false,"renderer": "flot","seriesOverrides": [],"spaceLength": 10,"stack": false,"steppedLine": false,"targets": [{"expr": "rate(gin_request_body_total[5m])","interval": "","legendFormat": "{{instance}}-in","refId": "A"},{"expr": "rate(gin_response_body_total[5m])","interval": "","legendFormat": "{{instance}}-out","refId": "B"}],"thresholds": [],"timeFrom": null,"timeRegions": [],"timeShift": null,"title": "Traffic In-Out","tooltip": {"shared": true,"sort": 0,"value_type": "individual"},"type": "graph","xaxis": {"buckets": null,"mode": "time","name": null,"show": true,"values": []},"yaxes": [{"format": "Bps","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true},{"format": "bytes","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true}],"yaxis": {"align": false,"alignLevel": null}},{"cacheTimeout": null,"datasource": null,"fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {"align": null,"filterable": false},"mappings": [],"thresholds": {"mode": "absolute","steps": [{"color": "blue","value": null},{"color": "green","value": 80}]},"unit": "none"},"overrides": []},"gridPos": {"h": 8,"w": 9,"x": 15,"y": 6},"id": 10,"interval": null,"links": [],"options": {"displayMode": "basic","orientation": "horizontal","reduceOptions": {"calcs": ["last"],"fields": "","values": false},"showUnfilled": true},"pluginVersion": "7.2.0","targets": [{"expr": "sum by(uri, instance) (gin_uri_request_total)","format": "time_series","instant": false,"interval": "","intervalFactor": 1,"legendFormat": "{{instance}}-{{uri}}","refId": "A"}],"timeFrom": null,"timeShift": null,"title": "URI Request","type": "bargauge"},{"aliasColors": {},"breakPoint": "50%","cacheTimeout": null,"combine": {"label": "Others","threshold": 0},"datasource": null,"decimals": null,"fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {"align": null,"filterable": false},"mappings": [],"thresholds": {"mode": "absolute","steps": [{"color": "blue","value": null},{"color": "green","value": 80}]},"unit": "none"},"overrides": []},"fontSize": "80%","format": "none","gridPos": {"h": 7,"w": 7,"x": 0,"y": 14},"id": 13,"interval": null,"legend": {"show": true,"values": true},"legendType": "Right side","links": [],"nullPointMode": "connected","pieType": "pie","pluginVersion": "7.2.0","strokeWidth": 1,"targets": [{"expr": "sum by(method, instance) (gin_uri_request_total)","format": "time_series","instant": false,"interval": "","intervalFactor": 1,"legendFormat": "{{instance}}-{{method}}","refId": "A"}],"timeFrom": null,"timeShift": null,"title": "Method","type": "grafana-piechart-panel","valueName": "current"},{"aliasColors": {},"bars": false,"dashLength": 10,"dashes": false,"datasource": null,"fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {},"unit": "s"},"overrides": []},"fill": 1,"fillGradient": 0,"gridPos": {"h": 7,"w": 17,"x": 7,"y": 14},"hiddenSeries": false,"id": 16,"legend": {"avg": false,"current": false,"max": false,"min": false,"show": true,"total": false,"values": false},"lines": true,"linewidth": 1,"nullPointMode": "null","options": {"alertThreshold": true},"percentage": false,"pluginVersion": "7.2.0","pointradius": 2,"points": false,"renderer": "flot","seriesOverrides": [],"spaceLength": 10,"stack": false,"steppedLine": false,"targets": [{"expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum (rate(gin_request_duration_bucket[5m])) by (le, instance))","interval": "","legendFormat": "p95","refId": "A"},{"expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, sum (rate(gin_request_duration_bucket[5m])) by (le, instance))","interval": "","legendFormat": "p99","refId": "B"},{"expr": "sum (gin_request_duration_sum) / sum(gin_request_duration_count)","interval": "","legendFormat": "avg","refId": "C"}],"thresholds": [],"timeFrom": null,"timeRegions": [],"timeShift": null,"title": "Request Duration","tooltip": {"shared": true,"sort": 0,"value_type": "individual"},"type": "graph","xaxis": {"buckets": null,"mode": "time","name": null,"show": true,"values": []},"yaxes": [{"format": "s","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true},{"format": "bytes","label": null,"logBase": 1,"max": null,"min": null,"show": true}],"yaxis": {"align": false,"alignLevel": null}},{"aliasColors": {},"breakPoint": "50%","cacheTimeout": null,"combine": {"label": "Others","threshold": 0},"datasource": null,"decimals": null,"description": "","fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {"align": null,"filterable": false},"mappings": [],"thresholds": {"mode": "absolute","steps": [{"color": "blue","value": null},{"color": "green","value": 80}]},"unit": "none"},"overrides": []},"fontSize": "80%","format": "none","gridPos": {"h": 5,"w": 7,"x": 0,"y": 21},"id": 14,"interval": null,"legend": {"show": true,"values": true},"legendType": "Right side","links": [],"nullPointMode": "connected","pieType": "pie","pluginVersion": "7.2.0","strokeWidth": 1,"targets": [{"expr": "sum by(code, instance) (gin_uri_request_total)","format": "time_series","instant": false,"interval": "","intervalFactor": 1,"legendFormat": "{{instance}}-{{code}}","refId": "A"}],"timeFrom": null,"timeShift": null,"title": "Code","type": "grafana-piechart-panel","valueName": "current"},{"cacheTimeout": null,"datasource": null,"fieldConfig": {"defaults": {"custom": {"align": null,"filterable": false},"mappings": [],"thresholds": {"mode": "absolute","steps": [{"color": "blue","value": null},{"color": "green","value": 80}]},"unit": "none"},"overrides": []},"gridPos": {"h": 5,"w": 17,"x": 7,"y": 21},"id": 19,"interval": null,"links": [],"options": {"displayMode": "basic","orientation": "horizontal","reduceOptions": {"calcs": ["last"],"fields": "","values": false},"showUnfilled": true},"pluginVersion": "7.2.0","targets": [{"expr": "sum by(uri, instance) (gin_slow_request_total)","format": "time_series","instant": false,"interval": "","intervalFactor": 1,"legendFormat": "{{instance}}-{{uri}}","refId": "A"}],"timeFrom": null,"timeShift": null,"title": "Slow Request(default 5s)","type": "bargauge"}],"refresh": "5s","schemaVersion": 26,"style": "dark","tags": [],"templating": {"list": []},"time": {"from": "now-1h","to": "now"},"timepicker": {},"timezone": "","title": "Gin Application Metrics","uid": "FDB061FMz","version": 11
}

如果直方图报错Panel plugin not found: grafana-piechart-panel
那就给garfana安装插件

下载安装后放到插件目录/var/lib/grafana/plugins后重启grafana就可以了。

wget  https://grafana.com/api/plugins/grafana-piechart-panel/versions/latest/download -O grafana-piechart-panel.zip
unzip grafana-piechart-panel.zip 
mv grafana-piechart-panel grafana_data/plugins/
chown -R 472:472 *
docker restart grafana

把程序放到自己的服务器中 多写几条get post命令进行测试：

测试结果：