MinGW

// 适用于32位和64位Windows的GCC和LLVM的完整运行时环境
A complete runtime environment for GCC & LLVM for 32 and 64 bit Windows.MinGW,a contraction of "Minimalist GNU for Windows", is a minimalist development environment for
native Microsoft Windows applications.It is a compiler system that is designed to produce native Windows applications,allowing users to
develop software without having to use a Microsoft compiler. 

GNU

Linux is just the kernel.
The kernel is an essential part of an operating system,but useless by itself;it can only function in the context
of a complete operating system.
All the so-called "Linux" distributions are really distributions of GNU/Linux.
In a GNU/Linux system, Linux is the kernel component.
The rest of the system consists of other programs, many of which were written by or for the GNU Project.
Because the Linux kernel alone does not form a working operating system, we prefer to use the term "GNU/Linux" to refer
to systems that many people casually refer to as "Linux".The name "GNU" is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix".
The program in a Unix-like system that allocates machine resources and talks to the hardware is called the "kernel".
GNU is typically used with a kernel called Linux.
This combination is the GNU/Linux operating system.
GNU/Linux is used by millions,though many call it "Linux" by mistake.A free operating system that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.

GCC

GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection.
GCC was originally written as the compiler for the GNU operating system.

Shell

The shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is BASH,the Bourne Again SHell,which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.

https://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html
https://www.debian.org/releases/buster/amd64/ch01s02.en.html
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11218807/how-gnu-is-related-with-linux
https://mingw.osdn.io/
https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/
https://www.mingw-w64.org/
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24836183/what-is-the-difference-between-clang-and-llvm-and-gcc-g
https://llvm.org/

Windows和Linux使用不同的可执行文件格式
在Windows上，通常使用PE（Portable Executable）格式的可执行文件，而在Linux上使用ELF（Executable and Linkable Format）格式。因此，编译后的可执行文件在不同操作系统上通常不可互换。