在电子工程学中，ADC 是模数转换器的缩写。ADC 是一种将模拟信号（在时间和振幅上是连续的）转换为数字信号（在时间和振幅上是离散的）的设备。通过这种转换，模拟信号可以被微控制器和计算机等数字系统处理。

以下是 ADC 工作原理的基本概述：

1. 模拟信号采样： 对模拟信号进行有规律的离散采样，即采样率。根据奈奎斯特-香农采样定理，采样率必须足够高，以准确捕捉模拟信号的变化。

2. 量化： 将采样信号的连续振幅映射为离散电平。然后对每个采样值进行量化，即把它近似为一组离散电平中最接近的值。电平数取决于 ADC 的分辨率，通常以比特为单位（例如，8 位 ADC 有 256 个电平，10 位 ADC 有 1024 个电平）。

3. 编码： 编码： 将离散电平转换为二进制格式。量化值被编码为二进制格式，供数字系统进一步处理。

ADC 性能由多个参数决定，包括：

* 分辨率： 用于表示每个采样值的比特数。

* 采样率： 模拟信号的采样频率。

* 信噪比（SNR）：所需信号与背景噪声的比率。

* 动态范围： ADC 能够准确转换的信号幅度范围。

* 线性度：输出数字值在 ADC 范围内代表输入模拟值的准确程度。

4. 输出数字信号： 提供模拟输入信号的二进制表示，作为最终的数字输出。

ADC 应用广泛，包括音频和视频处理、数据采集系统、仪器仪表和通信系统。

In electrical engineering, ADC stands for Analog-to-Digital Converter. An ADC is a device that converts an analog signal (which is continuous in time and amplitude) into a digital signal (which is discrete in time and amplitude). This conversion allows analog signals to be processed by digital systems, such as microcontrollers and computers.

Here's a basic overview of how an ADC works:

1. Sampling the Analog Signal: The analog signal is sampled at regular discrete intervals, known as the sampling rate. The rate must be high enough to accurately capture the variations in the analog signal, according to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem.

2. Quantization: Map the continuous amplitude of the sampled signal to discrete levels. Each sampled value is then quantized, meaning it is approximated to the nearest value within a set of discrete levels. The number of levels depends on the resolution of the ADC, typically specified in bits (e.g., an 8-bit ADC has 256 levels, a 10-bit ADC has 1024 levels).

3. Encoding: Convert the discrete levels into a binary format. The quantized values are encoded into binary format for further processing by digital systems.

ADC performance is characterized by several parameters, including:

* Resolution: The number of bits used to represent each sampled value.

* Sampling Rate: How frequently the analog signal is sampled.

* Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): The ratio of the desired signal to background noise.

* Dynamic Range: The range of signal amplitudes the ADC can accurately convert.

* Linearity: How accurately the output digital values represent the input analog values across the ADC's range.

4. Output the Digital Signal: Provide the binary representation of the analog input signal as the final digital output.

ADCs are used in a wide variety of applications, including audio and video processing, data acquisition systems, instrumentation, and communication systems.