浅尝Selenium自动化框架

Selenium基本介绍
Selenium原理
Selenium学习要点
写个Selenium Demo
结束

Selenium基本介绍

Selenium 是一个开源的自动化测试工具，只用于测试 Web 应用程序。它支持多种编程语言（如 Java、Python、C# 等）来编写测试脚本，同时兼容主流的浏览器（如 Chrome、Firefox、Edge 等）。
👉👉👉官网官方文档
直白点一句话总结：Selenium用来做桌面端（win/mac）上的浏览器web自动化。

Selenium原理

+-------------------------------------+
|          Test Script (Client)       |
|     (Python, Java, C#, etc.)        |
+-------------------+-----------------+|WebDriver API (JSON Wire Protocol)|
+-------------------+-----------------+
|          Browser Drivers            |
| (ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver, etc.)   |
+-------------------+-----------------+|Browsers(Chrome, Firefox, Edge, etc.)

Test Script
用户通过编程语言调用 WebDriver API 来编写测试用例。
WebDriver API
提供了浏览器操作的方法（如 .click(), .get()）。
WebDriver 使用 JSON Wire Protocol 与浏览器驱动通信，将测试用例中的操作翻译成浏览器能够理解的命令。
Browser Drivers
浏览器驱动（中间层），将 API 的调用翻译为浏览器可理解的指令。
不同浏览器需要不同的驱动程序（如 ChromeDriver、GeckoDriver 等）。
驱动程序将 WebDriver 发出的命令传递给浏览器。
Browsers 浏览器
浏览器根据驱动程序的指令执行实际的操作（如打开页面、点击按钮等），并返回执行结果。

Selenium学习要点

我是基于python学习的，步骤非常简单。

pip install selenium

然后要学一下XPath这种XML查询语言，就可以开始写代码啦。

写个Selenium Demo

最近蛀牙了，做根管治疗，要经常定期挂号，但是那医生又有点人气，放号又是随机时间，经常约不到号，就很尴尬。所以就想做一个自动通知挂号的脚本。

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
import time
import random
from typing import Optional, List
from datetime import datetimedef find_doctor_and_nextpage(driver, doctor_name, hospital_name, department_name):page_index = 0while True:page_index += 1doctors = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="expert_div_1"]/div[*]/div[1]/div[2]')for doctor in doctors:text = doctor.textif doctor_name in text and hospital_name in text and department_name in text:try:# 在当前医生元素中查找链接link_element = doctor.find_element(By.XPATH, './ul/li[1]/span[1]/a')  # 相对 XPathhref = link_element.get_attribute("href")  # 获取链接的 href 属性print(f"Found the link to the doctor at page {page_index}. href={href}")return hrefexcept Exception as e:print(f"Do not find the doctor link, doctor.text={text}. {e}")# 搜索下一页try:switch_page_bar = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//*[@id="page1"]')next_page_btn = switch_page_bar.find_element(By.XPATH, './/*[contains(text(), "下一页")]')href = next_page_btn.get_attribute('href')if href:print(f"Page {page_index} has been searched completely with no matches found, proceeding to the next page.")time.sleep(random.randint(2, 5))next_page_btn.click()else:print(f"The search has reached the last page {page_index} and no matches found.")return Falseexcept Exception as e:print(f"find_doctor_and_nextpage Error. {e}")return Falsedef search_doctor(driver, base_url, doctor_name, hospital_name, department_name):try:# 打开搜索页面（基网址传入）driver.get(base_url)# 定位搜索框并输入医生doctor_input = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//*[@id='txtSearch']")doctor_input.clear()doctor_input.send_keys(doctor_name)# 点击搜索按钮search_button = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "/html/body/div[3]/div/div[3]/div/input[3]")search_button.click()try:# 等待跳转到结果页面WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_all_elements_located((By.XPATH, "//*[@id='expert_div_1']/div[1]")))except Exception as e:print(f"Search the doctor timeout, name={doctor_name}. {e}")return Falsedoctor_link = find_doctor_and_nextpage(driver, doctor_name, hospital_name, department_name)# print(f"doctor_link={doctor_link}")return doctor_linkexcept Exception as e:print(f":Search the doctor failed, name={doctor_name}. {e}")return Falsedef convert_to_datetime(date_str):try:return datetime.strptime(date_str, "%m-%d")except ValueError:return Nonedef parse_target_date(target_date) -> List[datetime]:"""解析入参 target_date，支持单个日期、多个日期和日期范围。'01-05''01-05, 01-07, 01-19''01-05~02-02'返回日期对象列表。"""if isinstance(target_date, str):if '~' in target_date:  # 日期范围start_date_str, end_date_str = target_date.split('~')start_date = convert_to_datetime(start_date_str)end_date = convert_to_datetime(end_date_str)return [start_date, end_date] if start_date and end_date else []elif ',' in target_date:  # 多个日期date_str_list = [date.strip() for date in target_date.split(',')]converted_dates = [convert_to_datetime(date_str) for date_str in date_str_list]return [date for date in converted_dates if date]else:  # 单个日期single_date = convert_to_datetime(target_date)return [single_date] if single_date else []return []def check_availability(driver, doctor_link, target_date, target_time: Optional[str]):"""在网页中检查是否有目标日期时间的号源"""can_be_appointments = Falsetry:driver.get(doctor_link)try:# 等待跳转到结果页面doctor_subscribe = WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '//*[@class="doctorsubscribe"]')))except Exception as e:print(f"Open link {doctor_link} timeout. {e}")return False# 匹配日期date_items = doctor_subscribe.find_elements(By.XPATH, './div[1]/ul/li/span[1]')parsed_dates = parse_target_date(target_date.strip())matched_indices = []if '~' in target_date:  # 日期范围if len(parsed_dates) == 2 and isinstance(parsed_dates[0], datetime) and isinstance(parsed_dates[1],datetime):  # 日期范围start_date, end_date = parsed_datesfor idx, item in enumerate(date_items):item_date = convert_to_datetime(item.text)if item_date and start_date <= item_date <= end_date:matched_indices.append(idx)elif len(parsed_dates) > 1:  # 多个日期for idx, item in enumerate(date_items):item_date = convert_to_datetime(item.text)if item_date and item.text in [date.strftime("%m-%d") for date in parsed_dates]:matched_indices.append(idx)elif len(parsed_dates) == 1:  # 单个日期for idx, item in enumerate(date_items):item_date = convert_to_datetime(item.text)if item_date and item.text == parsed_dates[0].strftime("%m-%d"):matched_indices.append(idx)if len(matched_indices) > 0:print(f"Found the matched date index {matched_indices}")else:print(f"No matched date can be found.")return Falsewhliesubscribe = doctor_subscribe.find_elements(By.XPATH, './div[2]/ul/li')for index in matched_indices:if index < len(whliesubscribe):element = whliesubscribe[index]if "预约" in element.text:can_be_appointments = Trueprint(f"There are available slots on  {date_items[index].text}, and appointments can be made.")return True# 匹配时间print(f"can_be_appointments={can_be_appointments}")except Exception as e:print(f"check_availability Error. {e}")return Falsedef book_appointment(driver):"""执行挂号流程"""try:# 点击预约按钮book_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, "book_button")  # 替换为实际 IDbook_button.click()# 填写必要的预约信息patient_name = driver.find_element(By.ID, "patient_name_input")  # 替换为实际 IDpatient_phone = driver.find_element(By.ID, "patient_phone_input")  # 替换为实际 IDpatient_name.send_keys("测试患者")  # 替换为实际患者姓名patient_phone.send_keys("12345678901")  # 替换为实际联系电话# 确认预约confirm_button = driver.find_element(By.ID, "confirm_button")  # 替换为实际 IDconfirm_button.click()print("挂号成功！")except Exception as e:print(f"挂号出错: {e}")def main(base_url, doctor_name, hospital, department, target_date, target_time):"""主程序入口"""driver = webdriver.Chrome()  # 浏览器驱动try:# 步骤 1：搜索医生doctor_link = search_doctor(driver, base_url, doctor_name, hospital, department)if not doctor_link:print("Search doctor failed.")return# doctor_link = 'https://www.xxx.com/UrpOnline/Home/Doctor/2439FC00A213861E30C599CDDD0833B8'# 步骤 2：检查是否有目标日期的号源if check_availability(driver, doctor_link, target_date, target_time):print(f"找到 {target_date} 的号源，开始预约...")else:print(f"没有找到 {target_date} 的号源。")finally:# 关闭浏览器driver.quit()# 示例调用
if __name__ == "__main__":main(base_url="https://www.xxx.com/UrpOnline/Home/DoctorList/",doctor_name="医师",# doctor_name="张三",hospital="中山医院",department="皮肤科",# department="便民门诊2",# department="消化内科asdf午间门诊", # 第4页# target_date="01-05~01-06",target_date="01-05~02-01",target_time=None)