模型简介
BERT全称是来自变换器的双向编码器表征量(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers),它是Google于2018年末开发并发布的一种新型语言模型。与BERT模型相似的预训练语言模型例如问答、命名实体识别、自然语言推理、文本分类等在许多自然语言处理任务中发挥着重要作用。模型是基于Transformer中的Encoder并加上双向的结构,因此一定要熟练掌握Transformer的Encoder的结构。
BERT模型的主要创新点都在pre-train方法上,即用了Masked Language Model和Next Sentence Prediction两种方法分别捕捉词语和句子级别的representation。
在用Masked Language Model方法训练BERT的时候,随机把语料库中15%的单词做Mask操作。对于这15%的单词做Mask操作分为三种情况:80%的单词直接用[Mask]替换、10%的单词直接替换成另一个新的单词、10%的单词保持不变。
因为涉及到Question Answering (QA) 和 Natural Language Inference (NLI)之类的任务,增加了Next Sentence Prediction预训练任务,目的是让模型理解两个句子之间的联系。与Masked Language Model任务相比,Next Sentence Prediction更简单些,训练的输入是句子A和B,B有一半的几率是A的下一句,输入这两个句子,BERT模型预测B是不是A的下一句。
BERT预训练之后,会保存它的Embedding table和12层Transformer权重(BERT-BASE)或24层Transformer权重(BERT-LARGE)。使用预训练好的BERT模型可以对下游任务进行Fine-tuning,比如:文本分类、相似度判断、阅读理解等。
对话情绪识别(Emotion Detection,简称EmoTect),专注于识别智能对话场景中用户的情绪,针对智能对话场景中的用户文本,自动判断该文本的情绪类别并给出相应的置信度,情绪类型分为积极、消极、中性。 对话情绪识别适用于聊天、客服等多个场景,能够帮助企业更好地把握对话质量、改善产品的用户交互体验,也能分析客服服务质量、降低人工质检成本。
下面以一个文本情感分类任务为例子来说明BERT模型的整个应用过程。
import osimport mindspore
from mindspore.dataset import text, GeneratorDataset, transforms
from mindspore import nn, contextfrom mindnlp._legacy.engine import Trainer, Evaluator
from mindnlp._legacy.engine.callbacks import CheckpointCallback, BestModelCallback
from mindnlp._legacy.metrics import Accuracy
# prepare dataset
class SentimentDataset:"""Sentiment Dataset"""def __init__(self, path):self.path = pathself._labels, self._text_a = [], []self._load()def _load(self):with open(self.path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:dataset = f.read()lines = dataset.split("\n")for line in lines[1:-1]:label, text_a = line.split("\t")self._labels.append(int(label))self._text_a.append(text_a)def __getitem__(self, index):return self._labels[index], self._text_a[index]def __len__(self):return len(self._labels)
数据集
这里提供一份已标注的、经过分词预处理的机器人聊天数据集,来自于百度飞桨团队。数据由两列组成,以制表符('\t')分隔,第一列是情绪分类的类别(0表示消极;1表示中性;2表示积极),第二列是以空格分词的中文文本,如下示例,文件为 utf8 编码。
label--text_a
0--谁骂人了?我从来不骂人,我骂的都不是人,你是人吗 ?
1--我有事等会儿就回来和你聊
2--我见到你很高兴谢谢你帮我
这部分主要包括数据集读取,数据格式转换,数据 Tokenize 处理和 pad 操作。
# download dataset
!wget https://baidu-nlp.bj.bcebos.com/emotion_detection-dataset-1.0.0.tar.gz -O emotion_detection.tar.gz
!tar xvf emotion_detection.tar.gz
数据加载和数据预处理¶
新建 process_dataset 函数用于数据加载和数据预处理,具体内容可见下面代码注释。
import numpy as npdef process_dataset(source, tokenizer, max_seq_len=64, batch_size=32, shuffle=True):is_ascend = mindspore.get_context('device_target') == 'Ascend'column_names = ["label", "text_a"]dataset = GeneratorDataset(source, column_names=column_names, shuffle=shuffle)# transformstype_cast_op = transforms.TypeCast(mindspore.int32)def tokenize_and_pad(text):if is_ascend:tokenized = tokenizer(text, padding='max_length', truncation=True, max_length=max_seq_len)else:tokenized = tokenizer(text)return tokenized['input_ids'], tokenized['attention_mask']# map datasetdataset = dataset.map(operations=tokenize_and_pad, input_columns="text_a", output_columns=['input_ids', 'attention_mask'])dataset = dataset.map(operations=[type_cast_op], input_columns="label", output_columns='labels')# batch datasetif is_ascend:dataset = dataset.batch(batch_size)else:dataset = dataset.padded_batch(batch_size, pad_info={'input_ids': (None, tokenizer.pad_token_id),'attention_mask': (None, 0)})return dataset
昇腾NPU环境下暂不支持动态Shape,数据预处理部分采用静态Shape处理:
from mindnlp.transformers import BertTokenizer
tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-chinese')
tokenizer.pad_token_id
dataset_train = process_dataset(SentimentDataset("data/train.tsv"), tokenizer)
dataset_val = process_dataset(SentimentDataset("data/dev.tsv"), tokenizer)
dataset_test = process_dataset(SentimentDataset("data/test.tsv"), tokenizer, shuffle=False)
dataset_train.get_col_names()
['input_ids', 'attention_mask', 'labels']
print(next(dataset_train.create_tuple_iterator()))
[Tensor(shape=[32, 64], dtype=Int64, value= [[ 101, 872, 679 ... 0, 0, 0],[ 101, 1557, 8024 ... 0, 0, 0],[ 101, 6929, 1168 ... 0, 0, 0],...[ 101, 2828, 800 ... 0, 0, 0],[ 101, 1521, 1506 ... 0, 0, 0],[ 101, 6820, 1962 ... 0, 0, 0]]), Tensor(shape=[32, 64], dtype=Int64, value= [[1, 1, 1 ... 0, 0, 0],[1, 1, 1 ... 0, 0, 0],[1, 1, 1 ... 0, 0, 0],...[1, 1, 1 ... 0, 0, 0],[1, 1, 1 ... 0, 0, 0],[1, 1, 1 ... 0, 0, 0]]), Tensor(shape=[32], dtype=Int32, value= [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0])]
模型构建
通过 BertForSequenceClassification 构建用于情感分类的 BERT 模型,加载预训练权重,设置情感三分类的超参数自动构建模型。后面对模型采用自动混合精度操作,提高训练的速度,然后实例化优化器,紧接着实例化评价指标,设置模型训练的权重保存策略,最后就是构建训练器,模型开始训练。
from mindnlp.transformers import BertForSequenceClassification, BertModel
from mindnlp._legacy.amp import auto_mixed_precision# set bert config and define parameters for training
model = BertForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained('bert-base-chinese', num_labels=3)
model = auto_mixed_precision(model, 'O1')optimizer = nn.Adam(model.trainable_params(), learning_rate=2e-5)
metric = Accuracy()
# define callbacks to save checkpoints
ckpoint_cb = CheckpointCallback(save_path='checkpoint', ckpt_name='bert_emotect', epochs=1, keep_checkpoint_max=2)
best_model_cb = BestModelCallback(save_path='checkpoint', ckpt_name='bert_emotect_best', auto_load=True)trainer = Trainer(network=model, train_dataset=dataset_train,eval_dataset=dataset_val, metrics=metric,
%%time
# start training
trainer.run(tgt_columns="labels")
The train will start from the checkpoint saved in 'checkpoint'.Epoch 0: 100%
302/302 [04:12<00:00, 4.21s/it, loss=0.3291704]
Checkpoint: 'bert_emotect_epoch_0.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 0.Evaluate: 100%
34/34 [00:07<00:00, 1.10s/it]
Evaluate Score: {'Accuracy': 0.9361111111111111} ---------------Best Model: 'bert_emotect_best.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 0.---------------Epoch 1: 100%
302/302 [02:33<00:00, 2.02it/s, loss=0.18864435]
Checkpoint: 'bert_emotect_epoch_1.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 1.Evaluate: 100%
34/34 [00:04<00:00, 7.94it/s]
Evaluate Score: {'Accuracy': 0.9629629629629629} ---------------Best Model: 'bert_emotect_best.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 1.---------------Epoch 2: 100%
302/302 [02:34<00:00, 1.98it/s, loss=0.12532383]
The maximum number of stored checkpoints has been reached. Checkpoint: 'bert_emotect_epoch_2.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 2.Evaluate: 100%
34/34 [00:04<00:00, 8.05it/s]
Evaluate Score: {'Accuracy': 0.9805555555555555} ---------------Best Model: 'bert_emotect_best.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 2.---------------Epoch 3: 100%
302/302 [02:34<00:00, 1.97it/s, loss=0.08664711]
The maximum number of stored checkpoints has been reached. Checkpoint: 'bert_emotect_epoch_3.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 3.Evaluate: 100%
34/34 [00:04<00:00, 8.11it/s]
Evaluate Score: {'Accuracy': 0.9916666666666667} ---------------Best Model: 'bert_emotect_best.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 3.---------------Epoch 4: 100%
302/302 [02:34<00:00, 1.97it/s, loss=0.060646668]
The maximum number of stored checkpoints has been reached. Checkpoint: 'bert_emotect_epoch_4.ckpt' has been saved in epoch: 4.Evaluate: 100%
34/34 [00:04<00:00, 7.80it/s]
Evaluate Score: {'Accuracy': 0.9879629629629629} Loading best model from 'checkpoint' with '['Accuracy']': [0.9916666666666667]... ---------------The model is already load the best model from 'bert_emotect_best.ckpt'.--------------- CPU times: user 22min 1s, sys: 13min 27s, total: 35min 28s Wall time: 15min 9s
模型验证
将验证数据集加再进训练好的模型,对数据集进行验证,查看模型在验证数据上面的效果,此处的评价指标为准确率。
evaluator = Evaluator(network=model, eval_dataset=dataset_test, metrics=metric)
evaluator.run(tgt_columns="labels")
Evaluate: 100%
33/33 [00:07<00:00, 1.12s/it]
Evaluate Score: {'Accuracy': 0.8947876447876448}
模型推理¶
遍历推理数据集,将结果与标签进行统一展示。
dataset_infer = SentimentDataset("data/infer.tsv")
def predict(text, label=None):label_map = {0: "消极", 1: "中性", 2: "积极"}text_tokenized = Tensor([tokenizer(text).input_ids])logits = model(text_tokenized)predict_label = logits[0].asnumpy().argmax()info = f"inputs: '{text}', predict: '{label_map[predict_label]}'"if label is not None:info += f" , label: '{label_map[label]}'"print(info)
from mindspore import Tensorfor label, text in dataset_infer:predict(text, label)
inputs: '我 要 客观', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '靠 你 真是 说 废话 吗', predict: '消极' , label: '消极' inputs: '口嗅 会', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '每次 是 表妹 带 窝 飞 因为 窝路痴', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '别说 废话 我 问 你 个 问题', predict: '消极' , label: '消极' inputs: '4967 是 新加坡 那 家 银行', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '是 我 喜欢 兔子', predict: '积极' , label: '积极' inputs: '你 写 过 黄山 奇石 吗', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '一个一个 慢慢来', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '我 玩 过 这个 一点 都 不 好玩', predict: '消极' , label: '消极' inputs: '网上 开发 女孩 的 QQ', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '背 你 猜 对 了', predict: '中性' , label: '中性' inputs: '我 讨厌 你 , 哼哼 哼 。 。', predict: '消极' , label: '消极'
自定义推理数据集
自己输入推理数据,展示模型的泛化能力。
predict("家人们咱就是说一整个无语住了 绝绝子叠buff")
inputs: '家人们咱就是说一整个无语住了 绝绝子叠buff', predict: '中性'