1
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第2个概念,谓词,Predicate
2
00:00:07,530 --> 00:00:10,800
或者叫断言,翻译各种各样都有
3
00:00:12,830 --> 00:00:15,050
实际上就是前面命题
4
00:00:15,060 --> 00:00:16,610
相当于常量
5
00:00:18,190 --> 00:00:19,370
这个是变量了
6
00:00:19,380 --> 00:00:21,350
就是说,带有变量的陈述句
7
00:00:22,230 --> 00:00:24,260
我们可以把它看作是一个
8
00:00:24,780 --> 00:00:26,130
它的返回值
9
00:00:26,530 --> 00:00:29,750
是布尔的
10
00:00:29,760 --> 00:00:31,230
真或假的函数
11
00:00:33,550 --> 00:00:35,820
里面有变量,放进去
12
00:00:35,830 --> 00:00:37,780
返回值是真或者假
13
00:00:38,990 --> 00:00:40,520
或者说,值域是真假的函数
14
00:00:42,170 --> 00:00:45,100
这个集合的函数
15
00:00:46,480 --> 00:00:49,570
比如说,x的平方根是3
16
00:00:50,970 --> 00:00:54,490
x的生日是y,实际上就是
17
00:00:54,500 --> 00:00:59,310
针对x变量的一个谓词
18
00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:05,320
或者断言,x的生日是y
19
00:01:05,330 --> 00:01:08,160
就有两个变量了
20
00:01:09,240 --> 00:01:10,270
有多少个变量
21
00:01:10,770 --> 00:01:14,570
我们就叫n元的谓词
22
00:01:14,580 --> 00:01:17,590
n元的断言
23
00:01:20,340 --> 00:01:23,340
那么这个谓词必须是有效的
24
00:01:24,090 --> 00:01:27,640
你要说真假
25
00:01:28,170 --> 00:01:31,900
首先它必须得是一个合格的谓词或者命题
26
00:01:33,280 --> 00:01:35,040
比如说,3是4的元素
27
00:01:36,080 --> 00:01:37,750
我们不能叫真也不能叫假
28
00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:42,240
因为它本身就不是一个合格的命题
29
00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:45,110
因为4不是集合
30
00:01:47,750 --> 00:01:48,740
这个也是一样的
31
00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:51,870
n等于4或再与
32
00:01:52,460 --> 00:01:54,970
这两个就不能够连在一起了
33
00:01:54,980 --> 00:01:56,370
这个式子是什么
34
00:01:56,380 --> 00:01:57,210
是错误的
35
00:01:57,740 --> 00:02:00,220
就没有这样的,不允许有这样的式子
36
00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:05,360
所以你说这个结果是真的还是假,这是无效的
37
00:02:08,510 --> 00:02:09,790
这是第2个概念
38
00:02:13,190 --> 00:02:16,370
第3个概念就是连接符
39
00:02:17,560 --> 00:02:20,360
我们可以通过连接符,或者叫联结符
40
00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:21,480
看怎么翻译
41
00:02:23,380 --> 00:02:26,980
把现有的谓词或者断言
42
00:02:28,570 --> 00:02:37,260
通过连接符来构建新的谓词
43
00:02:37,270 --> 00:02:39,620
连接符,我们常见的这几个
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00:02:41,130 --> 00:02:43,580
非,或者否定,否定符
45
00:02:44,180 --> 00:02:48,400
或者叫非,与,或者叫合取
46
00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:55,490
或,或者叫析取
47
00:02:57,120 --> 00:02:57,580
蕴含,换句话叫如果那么
48
00:02:58,190 --> 00:03:04,460
如果A那么B,最后,等价于,就是两方面
49
00:03:05,190 --> 00:03:07,660
如果那么,当且仅当
50
00:03:09,390 --> 00:03:11,990
它们运算的优先级是这样的
51
00:03:12,640 --> 00:03:13,910
否定是第一级
52
00:03:15,880 --> 00:03:17,390
与、或是第二级
53
00:03:18,660 --> 00:03:20,260
下面这两个第三级
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00:03:22,930 --> 00:03:24,800
所以在优先级之下
55
00:03:24,810 --> 00:03:26,060
如果不带括号的话
56
00:03:26,070 --> 00:03:31,840
比如说,P与Q
57
00:03:32,580 --> 00:03:37,960
然后蕴含R,应该是什么
58
00:03:39,630 --> 00:03:40,820
二级优先
59
00:03:40,830 --> 00:03:48,500
所以就相当于P与Q先计算
60
00:03:49,710 --> 00:03:58,790
然后再来看是不是蕴含了R,优先级
61
00:03:59,290 --> 00:04:00,640
但如果说带了括号
62
00:04:00,730 --> 00:04:02,200
肯定括号里面先算了
63
00:04:02,210 --> 00:04:05,790
这个跟我们数学里面的四则运算
64
00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:07,670
是相似的
65
00:04:10,620 --> 00:04:12,370
假设是优先级相同的
66
00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:15,270
判断标准就是从右到左来算了
67
00:04:15,760 --> 00:04:22,400
比如说,P蕴含Q蕴含R,应该相当于什么
68
00:04:22,870 --> 00:04:28,040
这里加括号,先计算Q蕴含R是真是假
69
00:04:28,770 --> 00:04:34,540
然后再来判断P蕴含它的结果真是假
70
00:04:34,550 --> 00:04:38,070
71
00:04:39,490 --> 00:04:40,970
这是计算的规则
72
00:04:43,730 --> 00:04:45,680
我们来看,其他的都好办
73
00:04:46,050 --> 00:04:47,280
这是它的真值表
74
00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:49,710
P、Q是T的话
75
00:04:50,420 --> 00:04:53,840
P与Q,T,T,T没问题
76
00:04:56,690 --> 00:04:58,080
如果是真和假
77
00:04:59,620 --> 00:05:01,780
那么这里就是假了
78
00:05:02,050 --> 00:05:02,890
或,就是真
79
00:05:06,680 --> 00:05:13,540
我们看蕴含,P蕴含Q
80
00:05:15,760 --> 00:05:21,700
或者如果P那么Q,你看,真的时候是真
81
00:05:23,420 --> 00:05:24,370
这个好理解
82
00:05:25,090 --> 00:05:29,350
我们看,真,假的时候是假
83
00:05:30,740 --> 00:05:32,650
这个也好理解
84
00:05:33,730 --> 00:05:40,570
我们来看这里,P是假Q是真
85
00:05:41,100 --> 00:05:43,140
那么这个与是假,这个或是真
86
00:05:43,390 --> 00:05:44,940
这个都没问题了,好理解
87
00:05:46,530 --> 00:05:52,050
如果假,那么真,这是可以的
88
00:05:55,680 --> 00:05:57,380
如果P是假,Q是真
89
00:05:57,390 --> 00:06:00,130
那么推导是成立的
90
00:06:03,690 --> 00:06:05,840
两边都是假,实际上也是成立的
91
00:06:06,170 --> 00:06:13,480
也就是说推导只有在P为真
92
00:06:13,490 --> 00:06:15,280
而且Q为假的时候
93
00:06:16,770 --> 00:06:17,760
它是假的
94
00:06:17,770 --> 00:06:22,000
就是这个地方,只有这个时候它是假的
95
00:06:23,740 --> 00:06:26,360
其他的都是为真的,都是可以的
96
00:06:28,440 --> 00:06:30,450
那么针对这个的话
97
00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:36,080
P可以叫前提
98
00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:44,290
但这种词都是在历史发展中
99
00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:45,810
出现的一些词
100
00:06:46,680 --> 00:06:48,110
这些实际上也可以不要了
101
00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:49,350
因为这词太多了
102
00:06:49,850 --> 00:06:51,770
没有必要,你就PQ就完了
103
00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,450
或者保留一个就行了,P叫前提
104
00:06:55,700 --> 00:06:56,650
Q可以叫结论
105
00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:01,600
或者说,可以说P是Q的充分条件
106
00:07:02,540 --> 00:07:04,970
或者说,Q是P的必要条件
107
00:07:05,940 --> 00:07:06,570
可以这样说
1
00:00:01,020 --> 00:00:02,810
我们再来进一步看一下
2
00:00:03,220 --> 00:00:07,400
蕴含连接符背后的一些内容
3
00:00:11,090 --> 00:00:14,210
有一个概念叫强度
4
00:00:16,490 --> 00:00:17,200
刚才我们说了
5
00:00:20,560 --> 00:00:25,290
P蕴含Q,当且仅当
6
00:00:25,790 --> 00:00:27,430
P为真,Q为假的时候
7
00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:29,510
这个才是不成立
8
00:00:34,770 --> 00:00:39,020
强度的概念就是说,如果P蕴含Q的话
9
00:00:39,310 --> 00:00:42,890
意味着P比Q要强
10
00:00:44,990 --> 00:00:46,880
比如说,x大于42
11
00:00:48,030 --> 00:00:49,910
那就可以推导出x大于0
12
00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:52,300
那意味着x大于42
13
00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:55,550
这样一个断言或者这样一个谓词
14
00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:57,320
要比x大于0
15
00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:00,040
它的强度要强
16
00:01:02,530 --> 00:01:08,410
如果说P蕴含Q以及Q蕴含P
17
00:01:08,420 --> 00:01:10,870
两个都为真
18
00:01:11,830 --> 00:01:13,270
那么就强度相等了
19
00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:15,790
就是说这两个就是等价了
20
00:01:19,150 --> 00:01:20,980
如果说,这两个都不为真
21
00:01:23,220 --> 00:01:28,810
那就是它们的强度的顺序就没法定
22
00:01:29,660 --> 00:01:31,930
但不是说它没有强度
23
00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:36,470
它们两个是不相干的
24
00:01:36,480 --> 00:01:39,430
风马牛不相及的两个东西
25
00:01:42,860 --> 00:01:45,080
不存在推导的关系
26
00:01:50,650 --> 00:01:52,040
那么从这个来看的话
27
00:01:54,890 --> 00:01:57,220
假这个是最强的
28
00:01:59,660 --> 00:02:00,980
真是最弱的
29
00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:05,510
我们看前面真值表
30
00:02:07,630 --> 00:02:13,050
只要P是假的
31
00:02:14,390 --> 00:02:16,360
那么P蕴含Q它必然为真
32
00:02:17,330 --> 00:02:17,660
33
00:02:18,110 --> 00:02:20,070
只要这里是F这必然是T
34
00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:24,070
如果你是T的话
35
00:02:25,490 --> 00:02:26,650
这边也是T才可以
36
00:02:28,450 --> 00:02:33,500
所以这个F是最强的
37
00:02:33,590 --> 00:02:34,660
T是最弱的
38
00:02:36,130 --> 00:02:42,750
只要Q是T
39
00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:46,510
它必然是T,也就是说,只要后面这个为真
40
00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:48,540
那么推导总是成立的
41
00:02:51,550 --> 00:02:54,570
不管前面是什么样的,是真是假
42
00:02:56,680 --> 00:03:03,690
所以就可以推出来
43
00:03:04,510 --> 00:03:08,520
假蕴含所有的命题
44
00:03:08,770 --> 00:03:10,680
所有的断言
45
00:03:12,450 --> 00:03:12,960
46
00:03:13,900 --> 00:03:18,730
所有的断言都可以蕴含真
47
00:03:21,220 --> 00:03:24,510
那么这是强度的概念