PostgreSQL审计插件pgaudit
在PostgreSQL中，提供了开源的审计插件pgaudit，但是其功能并不完善，只提供了基本的审计功能，对此，很多基于PG开发的商业数据库大多提供了丰富的审计功能。比如人大金仓，openGauss等。这里，我们不去讨论审计功能是否丰富，我们分析一下pgaudit的实现，已便我们后续开发自己的审计插件。
pgaudit的使用
安装
配置postgresql.conf，添加以下内容：
shared_preload_libraries = 'pgaudit'
创建插件：
CREATE EXTENSION pgaudit;
查看可配置参数：
postgres=# select name,setting from pg_settings where name ~ 'pgaudit';name | setting
----------------------------+---------pgaudit.log | none -- 指定会话审计日志记录哪些类型的语句pgaudit.log_catalog | onpgaudit.log_client | offpgaudit.log_level | logpgaudit.log_parameter | offpgaudit.log_relation | offpgaudit.log_rows | offpgaudit.log_statement | onpgaudit.log_statement_once | offpgaudit.role |
(10 rows)
具体个参数的设置，可参考文档： https://github.com/pgaudit/pgaudit/blob/master/README.md
配置审计角色
postgres=# create role pgaudit with password 'pgaudit' login;
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# alter system set pgaudit.role = 'pgaudit';
ALTER SYSTEM
postgres=# select pg_reload_conf();pg_reload_conf
----------------t
(1 row)postgres=# show pgaudit.role;pgaudit.role
--------------pgaudit
(1 row)实例：
设置记录write,以及ddl语句
postgres=# alter system set pgaudit.log = 'write,ddl';
ALTER SYSTEM
postgres=# select pg_reload_conf();pg_reload_conf
----------------t
(1 row)
postgres=# insert into t1 values(3,3);
INSERT 0 1
查看日志，后面那条是审计日志：
2024-06-01 14:44:52.006 CST [27675] LOG: statement: insert into t1 values(3,3);
2024-06-01 14:44:52.006 CST [27675] LOG: AUDIT: SESSION,3,1,WRITE,INSERT,,,"insert into t1 values(3,3);",<not logged>
源码分析
总体上审计插件的设计思路有点类似于日志库的设计。首先是要获取审计日志信息，需要先通过配置设置审计哪些内容，比如审计DDL语句，还是DML语句，或者都进行审计。当然，这里审计规则可以设置的非常灵活，商业数据库的审计功能会更加的完善。然后还需要设置审计日志输出哪些内容，比如，语句类型，执行结果是否成功，执行影响的行数等等。配置好这些后，就是具体的获取审计日志的信息了。具体实现上就是在语句执行的过程中通过钩子函数捕获相应的信息，实现上要在不同的位置设置不同的钩子函数，比如DDL语句，则可在ProcessUtility_hook中执行自己的钩子函数，因为每个DDL语句都会走这里，具体的可以见下面的代码分析。
void ProcessUtility(PlannedStmt *pstmt,const char *queryString,bool readOnlyTree,ProcessUtilityContext context,ParamListInfo params,QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,DestReceiver *dest,QueryCompletion *qc)
{// 审计插件钩子函数 pgaudit_ProcessUtility_hookif (ProcessUtility_hook)(*ProcessUtility_hook) (pstmt, queryString, readOnlyTree,context, params, queryEnv,dest, qc);elsestandard_ProcessUtility(pstmt, queryString, readOnlyTree,context, params, queryEnv,dest, qc);
}
加载插件
总体源码并不多：当加载插件时，会执行_PG_init函数，该函数会定义GUC变量，以及安装钩子。还会执行pgaudit--1.7.sql。
GUC参数：
- pgaudit.log
- pgaudit.log_catalog
- pgaudit.log_client
- pgaudit.log_level
- pgaudit.log_parameter
- pgaudit.log_relation
- pgaudit.log_rows
- pgaudit.log_statement
- pgaudit.log_statement_once
- pgaudit.role
钩子函数：
- pgaudit_ExecutorStart_hook;
- pgaudit_ExecutorCheckPerms_hook;
- pgaudit_ProcessUtility_hook;
- pgaudit_object_access_hook;
- pgaudit_ExecutorRun_hook;
- pgaudit_ExecutorEnd_hook;
如果要实现更多的功能，可以在更多的位置加钩子函数
/* Define GUC variables and install hooks upon module load. */
void _PG_init(void)
{/* Be sure we do initialization only once */static bool inited = false; // 确保只被加载一次if (inited)return;/* Must be loaded with shared_preload_libraries */if (!process_shared_preload_libraries_in_progress)ereport(ERROR, (errcode(ERRCODE_OBJECT_NOT_IN_PREREQUISITE_STATE),errmsg("pgaudit must be loaded via shared_preload_libraries")));// 下面是定义插件中的几个GUC参数/* Define pgaudit.log */DefineCustomStringVariable("pgaudit.log","Specifies which classes of statements will be logged by session audit ""logging. Multiple classes can be provided using a comma-separated ""list and classes can be subtracted by prefacing the class with a ""- sign.",NULL,&auditLog,"none",PGC_SUSET,GUC_LIST_INPUT | GUC_NOT_IN_SAMPLE,check_pgaudit_log,assign_pgaudit_log,NULL);// 其他参数// 安装钩子/* Install our hook functions after saving the existing pointers to preserve the chains. */next_ExecutorStart_hook = ExecutorStart_hook;ExecutorStart_hook = pgaudit_ExecutorStart_hook;// .../* Log that the extension has completed initialization */
#ifndef EXEC_BACKENDereport(LOG, (errmsg("pgaudit extension initialized")));
#elseereport(DEBUG1, (errmsg("pgaudit extension initialized")));
#endif /* EXEC_BACKEND */inited = true;
}
在加载插件时，执行pgaudit--1.7.sql，定义了2个触发器函数，2个事件触发器。函数的具体实现在pgaudit.c中
-- 当DDL语句执行结束时，执行该函数
CREATE FUNCTION pgaudit_ddl_command_end()RETURNS event_triggerSECURITY DEFINERSET search_path = 'pg_catalog, pg_temp'LANGUAGE CAS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgaudit_ddl_command_end';-- ddl_command_end事件触发器
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER pgaudit_ddl_command_endON ddl_command_endEXECUTE PROCEDURE pgaudit_ddl_command_end(); -- 当DDL语句执行结束时触发执行该函数CREATE FUNCTION pgaudit_sql_drop()RETURNS event_triggerSECURITY DEFINERSET search_path = 'pg_catalog, pg_temp'LANGUAGE CAS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgaudit_sql_drop';CREATE EVENT TRIGGER pgaudit_sql_dropON sql_dropEXECUTE PROCEDURE pgaudit_sql_drop(); -- sql_drop事件触发器，删除对象操作触发调试DDL语句的审计
我们调试一条建表语句的审计过程
调用栈：
pgaudit.so!log_audit_event(AuditEventStackItem * stackItem) (contrib\pgaudit\pgaudit.c:704)
pgaudit.so!pgaudit_ddl_command_end(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo) (contrib\pgaudit\pgaudit.c:1734)
fmgr_security_definer(FunctionCallInfo fcinfo) (src\backend\utils\fmgr\fmgr.c:732)
EventTriggerInvoke(List * fn_oid_list, EventTriggerData * trigdata) (src\backend\commands\event_trigger.c:920)
EventTriggerDDLCommandEnd(Node * parsetree) (src\backend\commands\event_trigger.c:727)
ProcessUtilitySlow(ParseState * pstate, PlannedStmt * pstmt, const char * queryString, ProcessUtilityContext context, ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment * queryEnv, DestReceiver * dest, QueryCompletion * qc) (src\backend\tcop\utility.c:1923)
standard_ProcessUtility(PlannedStmt * pstmt, const char * queryString, _Bool readOnlyTree, ProcessUtilityContext context, ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment * queryEnv, DestReceiver * dest, QueryCompletion * qc) (src\backend\tcop\utility.c:1074)
pgaudit.so!pgaudit_ProcessUtility_hook(PlannedStmt * pstmt, const char * queryString, _Bool readOnlyTree, ProcessUtilityContext context, ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment * queryEnv, DestReceiver * dest, QueryCompletion * qc) (contrib\pgaudit\pgaudit.c:1584)
ProcessUtility(PlannedStmt * pstmt, const char * queryString, _Bool readOnlyTree, ProcessUtilityContext context, ParamListInfo params, QueryEnvironment * queryEnv, DestReceiver * dest, QueryCompletion * qc) (src\backend\tcop\utility.c:526)
PortalRunUtility(Portal portal, PlannedStmt * pstmt, _Bool isTopLevel, _Bool setHoldSnapshot, DestReceiver * dest, QueryCompletion * qc) (src\backend\tcop\pquery.c:1158)
PortalRunMulti(Portal portal, _Bool isTopLevel, _Bool setHoldSnapshot, DestReceiver * dest, DestReceiver * altdest, QueryCompletion * qc) (src\backend\tcop\pquery.c:1315)
PortalRun(Portal portal, long count, _Bool isTopLevel, _Bool run_once, DestReceiver * dest, DestReceiver * altdest, QueryCompletion * qc) (src\backend\tcop\pquery.c:791)
exec_simple_query(const char * query_string) (src\backend\tcop\postgres.c:1250)
PostgresMain(const char * dbname, const char * username) (src\backend\tcop\postgres.c:4598)
BackendRun(Port * port) (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:4514)
BackendStartup(Port * port) (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:4242)
ServerLoop() (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:1809)
PostmasterMain(int argc, char ** argv) (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:1481)
main(int argc, char ** argv) (src\backend\main\main.c:202)
中间最重要的3个函数pgaudit_ProcessUtility_hook、捕获DDL语句，添加AuditEvent项，后续不断地补充AuditEvent中个各项信息。
static void pgaudit_ProcessUtility_hook(PlannedStmt *pstmt,const char *queryString,bool readOnlyTree,ProcessUtilityContext context,ParamListInfo params,QueryEnvironment *queryEnv,DestReceiver *dest,QueryCompletion *qc)
{AuditEventStackItem *stackItem = NULL;int64 stackId = 0;/* Don't audit substatements. All the substatements we care about should be covered by the event triggers. */if (context <= PROCESS_UTILITY_QUERY && !IsAbortedTransactionBlockState()){/* Process top level utility statement */if (context == PROCESS_UTILITY_TOPLEVEL){/* If the stack is not empty then the only allowed entries are open* select, show, and explain cursors */if (auditEventStack != NULL){AuditEventStackItem *nextItem = auditEventStack;do{if (nextItem->auditEvent.commandTag != T_SelectStmt &&nextItem->auditEvent.commandTag != T_VariableShowStmt &&nextItem->auditEvent.commandTag != T_ExplainStmt){elog(ERROR, "pgaudit stack is not empty");}nextItem = nextItem->next;}while (nextItem != NULL);}stackItem = stack_push();stackItem->auditEvent.paramList = copyParamList(params);}elsestackItem = stack_push();stackId = stackItem->stackId;stackItem->auditEvent.logStmtLevel = GetCommandLogLevel(pstmt->utilityStmt);stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag = nodeTag(pstmt->utilityStmt);stackItem->auditEvent.command = CreateCommandTag(pstmt->utilityStmt);stackItem->auditEvent.commandText = queryString;/* If this is a DO block log it before calling the next ProcessUtility hook. */if (auditLogBitmap & LOG_FUNCTION && stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag == T_DoStmt &&!IsAbortedTransactionBlockState())log_audit_event(stackItem);/** If this is a create/alter extension command log it before calling* the next ProcessUtility hook. Otherwise, any warnings will be emitted* before the create/alter is logged and errors will prevent it from* being logged at all. */if (auditLogBitmap & LOG_DDL &&(stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag == T_CreateExtensionStmt ||stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag == T_AlterExtensionStmt) &&!IsAbortedTransactionBlockState())log_audit_event(stackItem);/** A close will free the open cursor which will also free the close* audit entry. Immediately log the close and set stackItem to NULL so* it won't be logged later.*/if (stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag == T_ClosePortalStmt){if (auditLogBitmap & LOG_MISC && !IsAbortedTransactionBlockState())log_audit_event(stackItem);stackItem = NULL;}}/* Call the standard process utility chain. */if (next_ProcessUtility_hook)(*next_ProcessUtility_hook) (pstmt, queryString, readOnlyTree, context,params, queryEnv, dest, qc);elsestandard_ProcessUtility(pstmt, queryString, readOnlyTree, context,params, queryEnv, dest, qc);/* Process the audit event if there is one. Also check that this event* was not popped off the stack by a memory context being free'd elsewhere. */if (stackItem && !IsAbortedTransactionBlockState()){/* Make sure the item we want to log is still on the stack - if not* then something has gone wrong and an error will be raised. */stack_valid(stackId);/* Log the utility command if logging is on, the command has not* already been logged by another hook, and the transaction is not aborted. */if (auditLogBitmap != 0 && !stackItem->auditEvent.logged)log_audit_event(stackItem);}
}
记录了审计信息后，需要将其进行输出，在商业数据库中，可以存储在表中或者文件中，通过表等进行查看，在pgaudit插件中，近输出到日志文件中。
static void log_audit_event(AuditEventStackItem *stackItem)
{/* By default, put everything in the MISC class. */int class = LOG_MISC;const char *className = CLASS_MISC;MemoryContext contextOld;StringInfoData auditStr;/** Skip logging script statements if an extension is currently being created* or altered. PostgreSQL reports the statement text for each statement in* the script as the entire script text, which can blow up the logs. The* create/alter statement will still be logged.** Since a superuser is responsible for determining which extensions are* available, and in most cases installing them, it should not be necessary* to log each statement in the script.*/if (creating_extension)return;/* If this event has already been logged don't log it again */if (stackItem->auditEvent.logged)return;// .../** Create the audit substring** The type-of-audit-log and statement/substatement ID are handled below,* this string is everything else.*/initStringInfo(&auditStr);append_valid_csv(&auditStr, GetCommandTagName(stackItem->auditEvent.command));appendStringInfoCharMacro(&auditStr, ',');append_valid_csv(&auditStr, stackItem->auditEvent.objectType);appendStringInfoCharMacro(&auditStr, ',');append_valid_csv(&auditStr, stackItem->auditEvent.objectName);// 其他信息/* Log rows affected */if (auditLogRows)appendStringInfo(&auditStr, "," INT64_FORMAT,stackItem->auditEvent.rows);/** Log the audit entry. Note: use of INT64_FORMAT here is bad for* translatability, but we currently haven't got translation support in* pgaudit anyway. */ereport(auditLogClient ? auditLogLevel : LOG_SERVER_ONLY,(errmsg("AUDIT: %s," INT64_FORMAT "," INT64_FORMAT ",%s,%s",stackItem->auditEvent.granted ?AUDIT_TYPE_OBJECT : AUDIT_TYPE_SESSION,stackItem->auditEvent.statementId,stackItem->auditEvent.substatementId,className,auditStr.data),errhidestmt(true),errhidecontext(true)));stackItem->auditEvent.logged = true;MemoryContextSwitchTo(contextOld);
}
调试DML语句的审计
查询语句的审计调用栈如下：
pgaudit.so!log_audit_event(AuditEventStackItem * stackItem) (contrib\pgaudit\pgaudit.c:654)
pgaudit.so!log_select_dml(Oid auditOid, List * rangeTabls) (contrib\pgaudit\pgaudit.c:1211)
pgaudit.so!pgaudit_ExecutorCheckPerms_hook(List * rangeTabls, _Bool abort) (contrib\pgaudit\pgaudit.c:1413)
ExecCheckRTPerms(List * rangeTable, _Bool ereport_on_violation) (src\backend\executor\execMain.c:591)
InitPlan(QueryDesc * queryDesc, int eflags) (src\backend\executor\execMain.c:820)
standard_ExecutorStart(QueryDesc * queryDesc, int eflags) (src\backend\executor\execMain.c:265)
pgaudit.so!pgaudit_ExecutorStart_hook(QueryDesc * queryDesc, int eflags) (contrib\pgaudit\pgaudit.c:1351)
ExecutorStart(QueryDesc * queryDesc, int eflags) (src\backend\executor\execMain.c:142)
PortalStart(Portal portal, ParamListInfo params, int eflags, Snapshot snapshot) (src\backend\tcop\pquery.c:517)
exec_simple_query(const char * query_string) (src\backend\tcop\postgres.c:1211)
PostgresMain(const char * dbname, const char * username) (src\backend\tcop\postgres.c:4598)
BackendRun(Port * port) (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:4514)
BackendStartup(Port * port) (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:4242)
ServerLoop() (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:1809)
PostmasterMain(int argc, char ** argv) (src\backend\postmaster\postmaster.c:1481)
main(int argc, char ** argv) (src\backend\main\main.c:202)
钩子函数
具体实现审计时，涉及到下面这些钩子函数：
static ExecutorCheckPerms_hook_type next_ExecutorCheckPerms_hook = NULL;
static ProcessUtility_hook_type next_ProcessUtility_hook = NULL;
static object_access_hook_type next_object_access_hook = NULL;
static ExecutorStart_hook_type next_ExecutorStart_hook = NULL;
/* The following hook functions are required to get rows */
static ExecutorRun_hook_type next_ExecutorRun_hook = NULL;
static ExecutorEnd_hook_type next_ExecutorEnd_hook = NULL;
/** Hook ExecutorStart to get the query text and basic command type for queries* that do not contain a table and so can't be idenitified accurately in* ExecutorCheckPerms.*/
static void
pgaudit_ExecutorStart_hook(QueryDesc *queryDesc, int eflags)
{AuditEventStackItem *stackItem = NULL;if (!internalStatement){/* Push the audit even onto the stack */stackItem = stack_push();/* Initialize command using queryDesc->operation */switch (queryDesc->operation){case CMD_SELECT:stackItem->auditEvent.logStmtLevel = LOGSTMT_ALL;stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag = T_SelectStmt;stackItem->auditEvent.command = CMDTAG_SELECT;break;case CMD_INSERT:stackItem->auditEvent.logStmtLevel = LOGSTMT_MOD;stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag = T_InsertStmt;stackItem->auditEvent.command = CMDTAG_INSERT;break;case CMD_UPDATE:stackItem->auditEvent.logStmtLevel = LOGSTMT_MOD;stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag = T_UpdateStmt;stackItem->auditEvent.command = CMDTAG_UPDATE;break;case CMD_DELETE:stackItem->auditEvent.logStmtLevel = LOGSTMT_MOD;stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag = T_DeleteStmt;stackItem->auditEvent.command = CMDTAG_DELETE;break;default:stackItem->auditEvent.logStmtLevel = LOGSTMT_ALL;stackItem->auditEvent.commandTag = T_Invalid;stackItem->auditEvent.command = CMDTAG_UNKNOWN;break;}/* Initialize the audit event */stackItem->auditEvent.commandText = queryDesc->sourceText;stackItem->auditEvent.paramList = copyParamList(queryDesc->params);}/* Call the previous hook or standard function */if (next_ExecutorStart_hook)next_ExecutorStart_hook(queryDesc, eflags);elsestandard_ExecutorStart(queryDesc, eflags);/** Move the stack memory context to the query memory context. This needs* to be done here because the query context does not exist before the* call to standard_ExecutorStart() but the stack item is required by* pgaudit_ExecutorCheckPerms_hook() which is called during* standard_ExecutorStart().*/if (stackItem){MemoryContextSetParent(stackItem->contextAudit,queryDesc->estate->es_query_cxt);/* Set query context for tracking rows processed */if (auditLogRows)stackItem->auditEvent.queryContext = queryDesc->estate->es_query_cxt;}
}/** Hook ExecutorCheckPerms to do session and object auditing for DML.*/
static bool pgaudit_ExecutorCheckPerms_hook(List *rangeTabls, bool abort)
{Oid auditOid;/* Get the audit oid if the role exists */auditOid = get_role_oid(auditRole, true);/* Log DML if the audit role is valid or session logging is enabled */if ((auditOid != InvalidOid || auditLogBitmap != 0) &&!IsAbortedTransactionBlockState()){/* If auditLogRows is on, wait for rows processed to be set */if (auditLogRows && auditEventStack != NULL){/* Check if the top item is SELECT/INSERT for CREATE TABLE AS */if (auditEventStack->auditEvent.commandTag == T_SelectStmt &&auditEventStack->next != NULL &&auditEventStack->next->auditEvent.command == CMDTAG_CREATE_TABLE_AS &&auditEventStack->auditEvent.rangeTabls != NULL){/** First, log the INSERT event for CREATE TABLE AS here.* The SELECT event for CREATE TABLE AS will be logged* in pgaudit_ExecutorEnd_hook() later to get rows.*/log_select_dml(auditOid, rangeTabls);}else{/* Save auditOid and rangeTabls to call log_select_dml()* in pgaudit_ExecutorEnd_hook() later. */auditEventStack->auditEvent.auditOid = auditOid;auditEventStack->auditEvent.rangeTabls = rangeTabls;}}elselog_select_dml(auditOid, rangeTabls);}/* Call the next hook function */if (next_ExecutorCheckPerms_hook &&!(*next_ExecutorCheckPerms_hook) (rangeTabls, abort))return false;return true;
}/* Hook ExecutorRun to get rows processed by the current statement.*/
static void pgaudit_ExecutorRun_hook(QueryDesc *queryDesc, ScanDirection direction, uint64 count, bool execute_once)
{AuditEventStackItem *stackItem = NULL;/* Call the previous hook or standard function */if (next_ExecutorRun_hook)next_ExecutorRun_hook(queryDesc, direction, count, execute_once);elsestandard_ExecutorRun(queryDesc, direction, count, execute_once);if (auditLogRows && !internalStatement){/* Find an item from the stack by the query memory context */stackItem = stack_find_context(queryDesc->estate->es_query_cxt);/* Accumulate the number of rows processed */if (stackItem != NULL)stackItem->auditEvent.rows += queryDesc->estate->es_processed;}
}/** Hook ExecutorEnd to get rows processed by the current statement.*/
static void pgaudit_ExecutorEnd_hook(QueryDesc *queryDesc)
{AuditEventStackItem *stackItem = NULL;AuditEventStackItem *auditEventStackFull = NULL;if (auditLogRows && !internalStatement){/* Find an item from the stack by the query memory context */stackItem = stack_find_context(queryDesc->estate->es_query_cxt);if (stackItem != NULL && stackItem->auditEvent.rangeTabls != NULL){/* Reset auditEventStack to use in log_select_dml() */auditEventStackFull = auditEventStack;auditEventStack = stackItem;/* Log SELECT/DML audit entry */log_select_dml(stackItem->auditEvent.auditOid,stackItem->auditEvent.rangeTabls);/* Switch back to the previous auditEventStack */auditEventStack = auditEventStackFull;}}/* Call the previous hook or standard function */if (next_ExecutorEnd_hook)next_ExecutorEnd_hook(queryDesc);elsestandard_ExecutorEnd(queryDesc);
}/** Hook object_access_hook to provide fully-qualified object names for function* calls.*/
static void pgaudit_object_access_hook(ObjectAccessType access,Oid classId,Oid objectId,int subId,void *arg)
{if (auditLogBitmap & LOG_FUNCTION && access == OAT_FUNCTION_EXECUTE &&auditEventStack && !IsAbortedTransactionBlockState())log_function_execute(objectId);if (next_object_access_hook)(*next_object_access_hook) (access, classId, objectId, subId, arg);
}
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