用 Python 实现经典的 2048 游戏:一步步带你打造属于你的小游戏!(结尾附完整代码)
简介
2048 是一个简单而又令人上瘾的数字拼图游戏。玩家通过滑动方块使相同数字的方块合并,目标是创造出数字 2048!在这篇博客中,我们将用 Python 的 Tkinter 库 从零开始实现这款游戏,涵盖从界面设计到逻辑实现的每一个细节,帮助你全面了解背后的开发思路。
游戏特点
- 经典玩法:滑动合并相同数字,尽可能达到 2048。
- 随机生成新数字:每次滑动后随机生成 2 或 4。
- 直观的图形界面:使用 Tkinter 绘制游戏网格与方块,带来清晰的视觉效果。
开发环境准备
在开始之前,确保你的环境已安装 Python,并包含以下必要库:
pip install tk
Tkinter 是 Python 内置的 GUI 工具包,因此大多数环境无需额外安装。
项目实现步骤
我们将按照以下步骤构建游戏:
- 设计网格界面
- 实现核心逻辑
- 绑定键盘事件
- 添加游戏结束检测
- 优化用户体验
1. 设计网格界面
首先,我们定义游戏的基本参数,包括网格大小、方块的尺寸、间距和颜色等。随后,通过 Tkinter 创建一个网格界面,每个格子将用矩形和文本元素表示。
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
import random# 常量定义
GRID_SIZE = 4 # 网格为 4x4
TILE_SIZE = 100 # 每个方块的像素大小
PADDING = 10 # 方块之间的间距
BACKGROUND_COLOR = "#92877d"
TILE_COLORS = {0: "#9e948a", 2: "#eee4da", 4: "#ede0c8",8: "#f2b179", 16: "#f59563", 32: "#f67c5f",64: "#f65e3b", 128: "#edcf72", 256: "#edcc61",512: "#edc850", 1024: "#edc53f", 2048: "#edc22e",
}# 初始化游戏界面
class Game2048:def __init__(self, master):self.master = masterself.master.title("2048")self.master.geometry(f"{GRID_SIZE * TILE_SIZE + PADDING * (GRID_SIZE + 1)}x{GRID_SIZE * TILE_SIZE + PADDING * (GRID_SIZE + 1)}")self.master.resizable(False, False)self.init_grid()self.reset_game()def init_grid(self):"""创建 4x4 网格"""self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self.master, bg=BACKGROUND_COLOR, bd=0, highlightthickness=0)self.canvas.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)self.tiles = []for i in range(GRID_SIZE):row = []for j in range(GRID_SIZE):x1 = PADDING + j * (TILE_SIZE + PADDING)y1 = PADDING + i * (TILE_SIZE + PADDING)x2 = x1 + TILE_SIZEy2 = y1 + TILE_SIZErect = self.canvas.create_rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill=TILE_COLORS[0], outline="")text = self.canvas.create_text(x1 + TILE_SIZE // 2, y1 + TILE_SIZE // 2, text="", font=("Helvetica", 30), fill="#776e65")row.append((rect, text))self.tiles.append(row)
运行效果:运行后你会看到一个 4x4 的灰色网格,每个格子代表一个方块。
2. 实现核心逻辑
游戏的逻辑主要包括:
- 压缩和合并数字:将相邻的数字合并。
- 滑动方向操作:实现上下左右滑动功能。
- 随机生成新数字:在空格中随机生成 2 或 4。
压缩与合并
每次滑动操作可以拆分为两部分:压缩(去掉空格) 和 合并(合并相邻的相同数字)。
def compress(row):"""将行向左压缩,去掉 0"""new_row = [num for num in row if num != 0]new_row += [0] * (GRID_SIZE - len(new_row))return new_rowdef merge(row):"""合并相邻相同的数字"""for i in range(len(row) - 1):if row[i] == row[i + 1] and row[i] != 0:row[i] *= 2row[i + 1] = 0return row
滑动操作
根据方向执行不同操作(上下左右)。
def move_left(grid):"""左移操作"""new_grid = []for row in grid:compressed_row = compress(row)merged_row = merge(compressed_row)new_grid.append(compress(merged_row))return new_grid
随机生成数字
每次滑动后随机选择一个空格,填入 2 或 4。
def spawn_new_tile(grid):"""随机生成一个新的数字方块(2 或 4)"""empty_cells = [(i, j) for i in range(GRID_SIZE) for j in range(GRID_SIZE) if grid[i][j] == 0]if empty_cells:i, j = random.choice(empty_cells)grid[i][j] = 2 if random.random() < 0.9 else 4
3. 绑定键盘事件
为了让游戏动起来,我们需要捕获用户的按键(上下左右方向键),并根据按键更新网格状态。
def key_press(event):"""处理键盘输入"""key = event.keysymif key in ["Up", "Down", "Left", "Right"]:if key == "Up":game.grid = move_left(rotate_left(game.grid))game.grid = rotate_right(game.grid)elif key == "Down":game.grid = move_left(rotate_right(game.grid))game.grid = rotate_left(game.grid)elif key == "Left":game.grid = move_left(game.grid)elif key == "Right":game.grid = move_left(reverse_rows(game.grid))game.grid = reverse_rows(game.grid)spawn_new_tile(game.grid)game.update_ui()if is_game_over(game.grid):messagebox.showinfo("Game Over", "No more moves left!")
4. 添加游戏结束检测
当所有格子都被填满且没有可合并的数字时,游戏结束。
def is_game_over(grid):"""判断是否还有有效操作"""for i in range(GRID_SIZE):for j in range(GRID_SIZE):if grid[i][j] == 0: # 空格存在return Falseif j + 1 < GRID_SIZE and grid[i][j] == grid[i][j + 1]: # 横向可合并return Falseif i + 1 < GRID_SIZE and grid[i][j] == grid[i + 1][j]: # 纵向可合并return Falsereturn True
5. 完整代码
将上述代码整合的完整代码如下:运行后即可得到完整的 2048 游戏!
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
import random# 常量定义
GRID_SIZE = 4
TILE_SIZE = 100
PADDING = 10
BACKGROUND_COLOR = "#92877d"
TILE_COLORS = {0: "#9e948a", 2: "#eee4da", 4: "#ede0c8",8: "#f2b179", 16: "#f59563", 32: "#f67c5f",64: "#f65e3b", 128: "#edcf72", 256: "#edcc61",512: "#edc850", 1024: "#edc53f", 2048: "#edc22e",
}class Game2048:def __init__(self, master):self.master = masterself.master.title("2048")self.master.geometry(f"{GRID_SIZE * TILE_SIZE + PADDING * (GRID_SIZE + 1)}x{GRID_SIZE * TILE_SIZE + PADDING * (GRID_SIZE + 1)}")self.master.resizable(False, False)self.init_grid()self.reset_game()def init_grid(self):"""初始化网格界面"""self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self.master, bg=BACKGROUND_COLOR, bd=0, highlightthickness=0)self.canvas.pack(fill=tk.BOTH, expand=True)self.tiles = []for i in range(GRID_SIZE):row = []for j in range(GRID_SIZE):x1 = PADDING + j * (TILE_SIZE + PADDING)y1 = PADDING + i * (TILE_SIZE + PADDING)x2 = x1 + TILE_SIZEy2 = y1 + TILE_SIZErect = self.canvas.create_rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2, fill=TILE_COLORS[0], outline="")text = self.canvas.create_text(x1 + TILE_SIZE // 2, y1 + TILE_SIZE // 2, text="", font=("Helvetica", 30), fill="#776e65")row.append((rect, text))self.tiles.append(row)def reset_game(self):"""重置游戏状态"""self.grid = [[0] * GRID_SIZE for _ in range(GRID_SIZE)]self.spawn_new_tile()self.spawn_new_tile()self.update_ui()def spawn_new_tile(self):"""随机生成一个新的数字方块(2 或 4)"""empty_cells = [(i, j) for i in range(GRID_SIZE) for j in range(GRID_SIZE) if self.grid[i][j] == 0]if empty_cells:i, j = random.choice(empty_cells)self.grid[i][j] = 2 if random.random() < 0.9 else 4def update_ui(self):"""更新界面显示"""for i in range(GRID_SIZE):for j in range(GRID_SIZE):value = self.grid[i][j]rect, text = self.tiles[i][j]self.canvas.itemconfig(rect, fill=TILE_COLORS.get(value, TILE_COLORS[2048]))self.canvas.itemconfig(text, text=str(value) if value != 0 else "")def compress(row):"""将行向左压缩,去掉 0"""new_row = [num for num in row if num != 0]new_row += [0] * (GRID_SIZE - len(new_row))return new_rowdef merge(row):"""合并相邻相同的数字"""for i in range(len(row) - 1):if row[i] == row[i + 1] and row[i] != 0:row[i] *= 2row[i + 1] = 0return rowdef move_left(grid):"""左移操作"""new_grid = []for row in grid:compressed_row = compress(row)merged_row = merge(compressed_row)new_grid.append(compress(merged_row))return new_griddef rotate_right(grid):"""矩阵顺时针旋转 90°"""return [list(row) for row in zip(*grid[::-1])]def rotate_left(grid):"""矩阵逆时针旋转 90°"""return [list(row) for row in zip(*grid)][::-1]def reverse_rows(grid):"""矩阵水平翻转"""return [row[::-1] for row in grid]def is_game_over(grid):"""判断是否还有有效操作"""for i in range(GRID_SIZE):for j in range(GRID_SIZE):if grid[i][j] == 0: # 空格存在return Falseif j + 1 < GRID_SIZE and grid[i][j] == grid[i][j + 1]: # 横向可合并return Falseif i + 1 < GRID_SIZE and grid[i][j] == grid[i + 1][j]: # 纵向可合并return Falsereturn Truedef key_press(event):"""处理键盘输入"""key = event.keysymif key in ["Up", "Down", "Left", "Right"]:if key == "Up":game.grid = move_left(rotate_left(game.grid))game.grid = rotate_right(game.grid)elif key == "Down":game.grid = move_left(rotate_right(game.grid))game.grid = rotate_left(game.grid)elif key == "Left":game.grid = move_left(game.grid)elif key == "Right":game.grid = move_left(reverse_rows(game.grid))game.grid = reverse_rows(game.grid)game.spawn_new_tile()game.update_ui()if is_game_over(game.grid):messagebox.showinfo("Game Over", "No more moves left!")root = tk.Tk()
game = Game2048(root)
root.bind("<Key>", key_press)
root.mainloop()
通过本篇博客,我们从头实现了经典的 2048 游戏。不仅让你掌握了 Tkinter 界面开发,还深入理解了游戏逻辑的实现过程。如果你喜欢这篇博客,请分享给更多的 Python 爱好者吧!