函数对象
函数对象概念
重载函数调用操作符的类,其对象常称为函数对象
函数对象使用重载的()时,行为类似函数调用,也叫仿函数
本质:
函数对象(仿函数)是一个类,不是一个函数
函数对象使用
特点:
- 函数对象在使用时,可以想普通函数那样调用,可以有参数,可以有返回值
- 函数对象超出普通函数的概念,函数对象可以有自己的状态
- 函数对象可以作为参数传递
//函数对象在使用时,可以像普通函数那样调用,可以有参数,可以有返回值
class MyAdd
{
public:int operator()(int a, int b){return a + b;}
};
//函数对象超出普通函数的概念,函数对象可以有自己的状态
class MyPrint
{
public:MyPrint(){this->m_Count = 0;}void operator()(string test){cout << test << endl;m_Count++;}int m_Count;
};
//函数对象可以作为参数传递
void doPrint(MyPrint& mp, string test)
{mp(test);
}
void test01()
{//函数对象在使用时,可以像普通函数那样调用,可以有参数,可以有返回值MyAdd add;cout << add(10, 20) << endl;//函数对象超出普通函数的概念,函数对象可以有自己的状态MyPrint myPrint;myPrint("hello world");myPrint("hello world");myPrint("hello world");myPrint("hello world");myPrint("hello world");cout << "打印次数:" << myPrint.m_Count << endl;//函数对象可以作为参数传递doPrint(myPrint, "hello c++");
}
谓词
谓词概念
返回bool类型的仿函数称为谓词
如果operator()接受一个参数,那么叫做一元谓词
如果operator()接受两个参数,那么叫做二元谓词
//返回bool类型的仿函数称为谓词
//一元谓词 - 大于5
class greaterFive
{
public:bool operator()(int val){return val > 5;}
};void test01()
{vector<int>v;for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);}vector<int>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), greaterFive());if (it == v.end()){cout << "没找到" << endl;}else{cout << "找到大于5的数为:" << *it << endl;}
}
二元谓词之前已经提过,排序的方式修改
内建函数对象
内建函数对象意义
STL内建了一些函数对象
分类:
算术仿函数
关系仿函数
逻辑仿函数
用法:
这些仿函数所产生的对象,用法和一般函数完全相同
使用内建函数对象,需要引入头文件#include<fucntional>
算术仿函数
功能描述:
实现四则运算
其中negate是一元运算,其他都是二元运算
仿函数类型:
void test01()
{negate<int>n;cout<<n(30)<<endl;plus<int>p;cout<<p(10, 20)<<endl;
}
注意:使用内建函数对象,需要引入头文件#include<fucntional>
关系仿函数
功能描述:
实现关系对比
仿函数原型:
void printVector(vector<int>& v)
{for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end();++it){cout << *it << " ";}cout << endl;
}
class Larger
{
public:bool operator()(int num1, int num2){return num1 > num2;}
};
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(10);v.push_back(30);v.push_back(40);v.push_back(20);printVector(v);sort(v.begin(), v.end());printVector(v);//从大到小排序// 方法1. 自定义仿函数// sort(v.begin(), v.end(), Larger());//方法2. 内建关系仿函数sort(v.begin(), v.end(), greater<int>());printVector(v);
}
关系仿函数中最常用的就是greater<>大于
逻辑仿函数
实现逻辑运算
函数原型:
class print02
{
public:void operator()(bool num){cout << num << " ";}
};
class Transform
{
public:int operator()(int num){return num+1;}
};
void test01()
{vector<bool>v;v.push_back(true);v.push_back(false);v.push_back(true);v.push_back(true);for_each(v.begin(), v .end(), print02());cout << endl;//搬运vector<bool>v2; //目标容器v2.resize(v.size()); //目标容器,需要提前开辟空间transform(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), logical_not<int>());for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
STL-常用算法
- 算法主要是由头文件<algorithm><functional><numeric>组成。
- <algorithm>是所有STL头文件中最大的一个,范围涉及到比较、交换、查找、遍历操作、复制、修改等等
- <numeric>体积很小,只包括几个在序列上面进行简单数学运算的模板函数
- <functional>定义了一些模板类,用以声明函数对象。
常用遍历算法
for_each //遍历容器
transform //搬运容器到另一个容器中
for_each
函数原型:
//普通函数
void print01(int num)
{cout << num << " ";
}
//仿函数
class print02
{
public:void operator()(int num){cout << num << " ";}
};
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(10);v.push_back(40);v.push_back(30);v.push_back(20);//遍历算法for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print01);cout << endl;for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());
}
transform
函数原型:
class Transform
{
public:int operator()(int num){return num+1;}
};
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(10);v.push_back(40);v.push_back(30);v.push_back(20);//搬运vector<int>v2; //目标容器v2.resize(v.size()); //目标容器,需要提前开辟空间transform(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), Transform());for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
常用查找算法
算法简介:
find
功能描述:查找指定元素,找到返回指定元素的迭代器,找不到返回结束迭代器end()
函数原型:
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(10);v.push_back(20);v.push_back(30);v.push_back(14);for_each(v.begin(), v .end(), print02());cout << endl;vector<int>::iterator it = find(v.begin(), v.end(), 20);if (it == v.end()){cout << "没有找到" << endl;}else{cout << "找到了:" << *it << endl;}
}
class Person
{
public:Person(string name, int age){m_Name = name;m_Age = age;}bool operator==(const Person& p){if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age){return true;}else{return false;}}string m_Name;int m_Age;
};
void test02()
{vector<Person>v;Person p1("top", 10);Person p2("as", 32);Person p3("bob", 43);Person p4("tony", 38);v.push_back(p1);v.push_back(p2);v.push_back(p3);v.push_back(p4);Person pp("as", 32);vector<Person>::iterator it = find(v.begin(), v.end(), pp);if (it == v.end()){cout << "没找到" << endl;}else{cout << "找到了,姓名:" << it->m_Name << ",年龄:" << it->m_Age << endl;}
}
find_if
功能描述:
按条件查找元素
函数原型:
class greaterFive
{
public:bool operator()(int val){return val > 15;}
};
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(10);v.push_back(20);v.push_back(30);v.push_back(14);for_each(v.begin(), v .end(), print02());cout << endl;vector<int>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), greaterFive());if (it == v.end()){cout << "没有找到" << endl;}else{cout << "找到了:" << *it << endl;}
}
class Person
{
public:Person(string name, int age){m_Name = name;m_Age = age;}bool operator==(const Person& p){if (this->m_Name == p.m_Name && this->m_Age == p.m_Age){return true;}else{return false;}}string m_Name;int m_Age;
};
class greater20
{
public:bool operator()(const Person& p){return p.m_Age > 20;}
};
void test02()
{vector<Person>v;Person p1("top", 10);Person p2("as", 32);Person p3("bob", 43);Person p4("tony", 38);v.push_back(p1);v.push_back(p2);v.push_back(p3);v.push_back(p4);Person pp("as", 32);vector<Person>::iterator it = find_if(v.begin(), v.end(), greater20());if (it == v.end()){cout << "没找到" << endl;}else{cout << "找到了,姓名:" << it->m_Name << ",年龄:" << it->m_Age << endl;}
}
adjacent_find
查找相邻重复元素
函数原型:
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(10);v.push_back(20);v.push_back(10);v.push_back(30);v.push_back(14);v.push_back(14);vector<int>::iterator it = adjacent_find(v.begin(), v.end());if (it == v.end()){cout << "未找到" << endl;}else{cout << "已找到:" << *it << endl;}
}
binary_search
查找指定元素是否存在
函数原型:
void test01()
{vector<int>v;for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);}bool judge = binary_search(v.begin(), v.end(), 4);if (judge){cout << "找到了" << endl;}else{cout << "未找到" << endl;}
}
注意:二分查找法查找效率虽然高,但查找的容器中元素必须是有序序列
count
统计元素个数
函数原型:
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(12);v.push_back(34);v.push_back(32);v.push_back(4);v.push_back(12);v.push_back(12);int sum = count(v.begin(), v.end(), 12);cout << "12有" << sum << "个" << endl;}
class Person
{
public:Person(string name, int age){m_Name = name;m_Age = age;}bool operator==(const Person& p){if (this->m_Age == p.m_Age){return true;}else{return false;}}string m_Name;int m_Age;
};void test02()
{vector<Person>v;Person p1("top", 10);Person p2("as", 32);Person p3("bob", 32);Person p4("tony", 38);v.push_back(p1);v.push_back(p2);v.push_back(p3);v.push_back(p4);Person pp("sq", 32);int sum = count(v.begin(), v.end(), pp);cout << "与sq同岁的人有" << sum << "个" << endl;
}
count_if
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.push_back(12);v.push_back(34);v.push_back(32);v.push_back(4);v.push_back(16);v.push_back(12);int sum = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), greaterFive());cout << "大于5有" << sum << "个" << endl;
}
class Person
{
public:Person(string name, int age){m_Name = name;m_Age = age;}string m_Name;int m_Age;
};
class AgeGreater20
{
public:bool operator()(const Person&p){return p.m_Age > 20;}
};
void test02()
{vector<Person>v;Person p1("top", 10);Person p2("as", 32);Person p3("bob", 32);Person p4("tony", 38);Person p5("pig", 43);v.push_back(p1);v.push_back(p2);v.push_back(p3);v.push_back(p4);v.push_back(p5);Person pp("sq", 32);int sum = count_if(v.begin(), v.end(), AgeGreater20());cout << "大于20的人有" << sum << "个" << endl;
}
常用排序算法
sort
函数原型:
class print02
{
public:void operator()(int num){cout << num << " ";}
};
class greaterInt
{
public:bool operator()(int a, int b){return a > b;}
};
void test01()
{vector<int> v;v.push_back(10);v.push_back(30);v.push_back(40);v.push_back(20);v.push_back(50);sort(v.begin(), v.end());//升序for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;//降序//sort(v.begin(), v.end(), greater<int>());sort(v.begin(), v.end(), greaterInt());for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
random_shuffle
洗牌,指定范围内的元素随机调整次序
函数原型:
void test01()
{srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));vector<int> v;for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);}for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;//利用洗牌算法 打乱顺序random_shuffle(v.begin(), v.end());for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
random_shuffle洗牌算法较实用,记得加随机种子
merge
两个有序的容器元素合并,并存储到另一容器中
合并之后的容器依旧是有序的
函数原型:
reverse
反转元素
函数原型:
void test01()
{srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));vector<int> v;for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);}for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;reverse(v.begin(), v.end());for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
常用拷贝和替换算法
copy
copy(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin());
void test01()
{srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));vector<int> v;vector<int> v2;for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);}for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;v2.resize(v.size());copy(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin());for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
replace
void test01()
{srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));vector<int> v;for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);}v.push_back(2);v.push_back(2);for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;replace(v.begin(), v.end(), 2, 200);//将所有2改为200for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
replace_if
函数原型:
void test01()
{srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));vector<int> v;for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);}v.push_back(2);v.push_back(2);for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;replace_if(v.begin(), v.end(), greaterFive(), 6);//将所有大于5的改为6for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;
}
swap
函数原型:
常用算术生成算法
算法生成算法属于小型算法,使用时包含头文件#include<numeric>
accumulate
计算区间内 容器元素累计总和
函数原型:
#include<numeric>
void test01()
{vector<int> v;for (int i = 0; i <= 100; ++i){v.push_back(i);}//参数3是其实累加值int total = accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 0); //5050total = accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), 1000);//6050//for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << total<< endl;
}
fill
向容器中填充指定的元素
函数原型:
void test01()
{vector<int>v;v.resize(10);//初始化10个0fill(v.begin(), v.end(), 100);//将0重新填充为100
}
常用集合算法
set_intersection
交集:
例:
v1: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v2: 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
交集: 5 6 7 8 9 10
两个集合必须是有序序列!!
void test01()
{vector<int> v;vector<int> v2;for (int i = 0; i <= 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);v2.push_back(i+5);}vector<int>vTarget;//目标容器需要提前开辟空间//最特殊情况也是占用空间最大情况:大容器包含小容器,//故开辟空间时取最小容器的sizevTarget.resize(min(v.size(), v2.size()));//获取交集//返回目标容器的最后一个元素的迭代器地址 vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_intersection(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), vTarget.begin());for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, print02());cout << endl;
}
set_union
求集合并集
例:
v1: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v2: 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
并集: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
void test01()
{vector<int> v;vector<int> v2;for (int i = 0; i <= 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);v2.push_back(i+5);}for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), print02());cout << endl;vector<int>vTarget;//目标容器需要提前开辟空间//最特殊情况也是占用空间最大情况:两个容器没有交集,//并集就是两个容器size相加vTarget.resize(v.size()+v2.size());//获取并集vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_union(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), vTarget.begin());for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, print02());cout << endl;
}
set_difference
差集
例:
v1: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v2: 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
v1和v2容器的差集: 0 1 2 3 4
v2和v1容器的差集:11 12 13 14 15
void test01()
{vector<int> v;vector<int> v2;for (int i = 0; i <= 10; ++i){v.push_back(i);v2.push_back(i+5);}for_each(v.begin(), v.end(), print02());cout << endl;for_each(v2.begin(), v2.end(), print02());cout << endl;vector<int>vTarget;//目标容器需要提前开辟空间//最特殊情况也是占用空间最大情况:两个容器没有交集,//差集就是两个容器中大的size作为目标容器开辟空间vTarget.resize(max(v.size(), v2.size()));//获取v1和v2的差集cout << "v1和v2的差集为:" << endl;vector<int>::iterator itEnd = set_difference(v.begin(), v.end(), v2.begin(), v2.end(), vTarget.begin());for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, print02());cout << endl;cout << "v2和v1的差集为:" << endl;itEnd = set_difference(v2.begin(), v2.end(), v.begin(), v.end(), vTarget.begin());for_each(vTarget.begin(), itEnd, print02());cout << endl;
}