What is RUST? 什么是Rust？

Rust is a programming language focused on safety, particularly safe concurrency, supporting functional and imperative-procedural paradigms. Rust is syntactically similar to C++, but it provides memory safety without using garbage collection.
Rust是一种专注于安全性的编程语言，特别是安全并发，支持函数式和强制过程式范式。Rust在语法上类似于C++，但它提供了内存安全，而不使用垃圾收集。

It achieves this through a system of ownership with a set of rules that the compiler checks at compile time. Though it does not prevent all possible bugs, it guarantees memory safety by ensuring that certain kinds of bugs, like buffer overflows or access to uninitialized memory, are caught during compilation
它通过一个所有权系统和一组编译器在编译时检查的规则来实现这一点。虽然它不能防止所有可能的错误，但它通过确保在编译期间捕获某些类型的错误（如缓冲区溢出或对未初始化内存的访问）来保证内存安全

Rust is safe Rust安全

When we talk about program safety, there are three distinct aspects to consider:
当我们谈论程序安全时，有三个不同的方面需要考虑：

type safety, memory safety, and thread safety.
类型安全、内存安全和线程安全。

Regarding type safety, Rust is a statically typed language. Type checking, which verifies and enforces type constraints, happens at compile time, so the types of variables have to be determined at compile time.
关于类型安全，Rust是一种静态类型语言。类型检查，即验证和强制类型约束，发生在编译时，因此必须在编译时确定变量的类型。

If you do not specify a type for a variable, the compiler will try to infer it. If it is unable to do so, or if it sees conflicts, it will let you know and prevent you from proceeding.
如果你没有为变量指定类型，编译器会尝试推断它。如果它不能这样做，或者如果它看到冲突，它会让你知道并阻止你继续。

In this context, Rust is similar to Java, Scala, C, and C++. Type safety in Rust is very strongly enforced by the compiler, but with helpful error messages. This helps to eliminate an entire class of run-time errors.
在这种情况下，Rust类似于Java，Scala，C和C++。Rust中的类型安全是由编译器强制执行的，但有有用的错误消息。这有助于消除整个一类运行时错误。

Memory safety is, arguably, one of the most unique aspects of the Rust programming language. To do justice to this topic, let’s look at this in detail.
可以说，内存安全是Rust编程语言最独特的方面之一。为了公正地对待这个主题，让我们详细地看看这个。

Mainstream programming languages can be classified into two groups based on how they provide memory management.
主流编程语言可以根据它们提供内存管理的方式分为两组。

The first group 第一组

Comprises languages with manual memory management, such as C and C++.
包括具有手动内存管理的语言，如C和C++。

The second group 第二组

Includes languages with a garbage collector, such as Java, C#, Python, Ruby, and Go.
包括具有垃圾收集器的语言，例如Java、C#、Python、Ruby和Go。

Rust is the first popular language to propose an alternative — automatic memory management and memory safety without garbage collection.
Rust是第一个提出替代方案的流行语言-自动内存管理和内存安全，而无需垃圾收集。

As you are probably aware, it achieves this through a unique ownership model. Rust enables developers to control the memory layout of their data structures and makes ownership explicit. Rust’s ownership model of resource management is modeled around RAII (Resource Acquisition is Initialization) — a C++ programming concept — and smart pointers that enable safe memory usage.
正如你可能知道的，它通过一个独特的所有权模式来实现这一点。Rust使开发人员能够控制其数据结构的内存布局，并使所有权显式。Rust的资源管理的所有权模型是围绕RAII（资源获取是一个C++编程概念）和智能指针来建模的，智能指针支持安全的内存使用。

Rust can also grant temporary access to a value, another variable, or a function. This is called borrowing.
Rust还可以授予对值、另一个变量或函数的临时访问权限。这就叫做借贷。

The Rust compiler (specifically, the borrow checker) ensures that a reference to a value does not outlive the value being borrowed. To borrow a value, the &operator is used (called a reference).
Rust编译器（特别是借用检查器）确保对值的引用不会超过被借用的值。要借用一个值，需要使用&运算符（称为引用）。

References are of two types:
引用有两种类型：

immutable references, &T,
不可变引用，&T，

These references allow sharing but not mutation.
这些引用允许共享，但不允许改变。

mutable references, &mut T
可变引用（&mut T）

These allow mutation but not sharing.
它们允许突变，但不允许共享。

Rust ensures that whenever there is a mutable borrow of an object, there are no other borrows of that object (either mutable or immutable). All this is enforced at compile time, leading to the elimination of entire classes of errors involving invalid memory access.
Rust确保只要有一个对象的可变借用，就没有该对象的其他借用（无论是可变的还是不可变的）。所有这些都是在编译时强制执行的，从而消除了涉及无效内存访问的整个错误类。

To summarize, We can program in Rust without fear of invalid memory access and without a garbage collector. Rust provides compile-time guarantees to prevent the following categories of memory-safety errors:
总之，我们可以在Rust中编程，而不必担心无效的内存访问，也无需垃圾收集器。Rust提供编译时保证，以防止以下类别的内存安全错误：

• Null pointer dereferences, where a program crashes because a pointer being dereferenced is null.
  指针解引用，在这种情况下，由于被解引用的指针为空而导致程序崩溃。
• Segmentation faults, where programs attempt to access a restricted area of memory.
  分段错误，程序试图访问内存的受限区域。
• Dangling pointers, where a value associated with a pointer no longer exists.
  悬挂指针，其中与指针相关联的值不再存在。
• Buffer overflows, due to programs accessing elements before the start or beyond the end of an array. Rust iterators don’t run out of bounds.
  缓冲区溢出，由于程序访问数组开始之前或结束之后的元素。Rust迭代器不会越界。
• All variables in Rust are immutable by default, and explicit declaration is required before mutating any variable. This forces developers to think through how and where data gets modified and what the lifetime of each object is.
  Rust中的所有变量在默认情况下都是不可变的，在改变任何变量之前都需要显式声明。这迫使开发人员考虑如何以及在何处修改数据，以及每个对象的生命周期是什么。
• Rust’s ownership model handles not just memory management but the management of variables owning other resources, such as network sockets, database and file handles, and device descriptors.
  Rust的所有权模型不仅处理内存管理，还管理拥有其他资源的变量，例如网络套接字，数据库和文件句柄以及设备描述符。

The lack of a garbage collector prevents nondeterministic behavior.
缺少垃圾收集器可以防止不确定性行为。

• Match clauses (which are equivalent to Switch statements in other languages) are exhaustive, which means that the compiler forces the developer to handle every possible variant in the match statement. This prevents developers from inadvertently missing out on handling certain code flow paths that might result in unexpected run-time behavior.
  Match子句（相当于其他语言中的Switch语句）是穷举的，这意味着编译器强制开发人员处理match语句中的每一个可能的变体。这可以防止开发人员无意中错过处理某些可能导致意外运行时行为的代码流路径。
• The presence of algebraic data types makes it easier to represent the data model in a concise and verifiable manner.
  代数数据类型的存在使得以简洁和可验证的方式表示数据模型变得更加容易。

There are many benefits of using Rust for example the type safety and low latency and concurrency however the learning curve for Rust is very steep and there is no custodian support for Rust like Golang has Google.
使用Rust有很多好处，例如类型安全，低延迟和并发性，但是Rust的学习曲线非常陡峭，并且没有像Golang那样的托管人支持Rust。

However it is still a great option to explore when writing Web applications and Rest Services.
但是，在编写Web应用程序和Rest Services时，它仍然是一个很好的选择。