Windows下搭建虚拟机

安装Linux虚拟机

下载&安装VirtualBox：https://www.virtualbox.org/，点击 download virtualbox 6.x，选择对应平台的版本：Windows hosts → https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.1.38/VirtualBox-6.1.38-153438-Win.exe，需要开启 CPU 虚拟化，如果没有开启的请修改电脑的bios设置。

CPU虚拟化技术就是vt虚拟化技术，该项技术是Intel为了在硬件层面上辅助虚拟化技术实现，而在其用户平台上开发的虚拟化支持系统。开启了cpu虚拟化后，我们就能使用例如VMware虚拟机这样的虚拟化技术应用了。

安装Vagrant

下载&安装Vagrant：https://www.vagrantup.com/，点击 Download x.x.x，选择对应平台的版本，支持 macOS Amd64/Windows Amd64 686/Linux Amd64 686

测试安装成功：win+d 打开命令行窗口，输入 -> vagrant

出现帮助提示：Usage: vagrant [options] [] 代表安装成功

Vagrant官网镜像仓库：https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search

Vagrant Box介绍及命令

简介：Box是Vagrant 环境的一个包的格式，在Vagrant支持的任何平台上，任何人都可以使用一个box来创建相同的工作环境。

查询 vagrant 已经管理的box清单

vagrant box list

添加 box

vagrant box add box的文件路径及文件名 --name centos8 # --name为该box指定一个名字

删除box

vagrant box remove NAME      #根据名字删除指定的box

Vagrant基本操作

# 新建虚拟机
vagrant init [boxname]  #加上boxname 表示使用哪个box 创建虚拟机
# 启动虚拟机
vagrant up
# 查看虚拟机状态
vagrant status
# 远程连接虚拟机
vagrant ssh
# 停止虚拟机
vagrant halt
# 挂起虚拟机
vagrant suspend
# 恢复虚拟机
vagrant resume
# 删除虚拟机
vagrant destroy

vagrant命令	作用
vagrant box add	添加box的操作
vagrant init	初始化box的操作，会生成vagrant的配置文件Vagrantfile
vagrant up	启动本地环境
vagrant ssh	通过ssh登录本地环境所在虚拟机
vagrant halt	关闭本地环境
vagrant suspend	暂停本地环境
vagrant resume	恢复本地环境
vagrant reload	修改了Vagrantfile后，使之生效（相当于先halt，再up）
vagrant destroy	彻底移除本地环境
vagrant box list	显示当前已经添加的box列表
vagrant box remove	删除相应的box
vagrant package	打包命令，可以把当前的运行的虚拟机环境进行打包
vagrant plugin	用于安装卸载插件
vagrant status	获取当前虚拟机的状态
vagrant global-status	显示当前用户Vagrant的所有环境状态

Vagrantfile源文件

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|# The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.# For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at# https://docs.vagrantup.com.# Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for# boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.config.vm.box = "centos8"# Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then# boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs# `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.# config.vm.box_check_update = false# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port# within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,# accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.# NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port# within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access# via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"# Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine# using a specific IP.# config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"# Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.# Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on# your network.# config.vm.network "public_network"# Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is# the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is# the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third# argument is a set of non-required options.# config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"# Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various# backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.# Example for VirtualBox:## config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|#   # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine#   vb.gui = true##   # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:#   vb.memory = "1024"# end## View the documentation for the provider you are using for more# information on available options.# Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as# Ansible, Chef, Docker, Puppet and Salt are also available. Please see the# documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.# config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL#   apt-get update#   apt-get install -y apache2# SHELL
end

自定义配置Vagrantfile

配置私有网络

下面这段配置用来配置私有网络，实际上对应的是 VirtualBox 的主机网络，也就是 Host-Only 网络

# Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
# using a specific IP.
# config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"

最下面一行取消注释，就可以为虚机设置指定的私有网络地址：

config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.6.25"

Example-安装centos7

执行 init 命令会在当前目录下生成一个 Vagrantfile，然后 up 启动虚拟机，因此如果有多个虚拟机的建议创建多个目录来做环境隔离

vagrant init centos/7

vagrant up

私有网络配置

windows下打开cmd命令行工具，输入ipconfig，找到 VirtualBox Host-Only Network，找到IPv4 地址，配置成同一网段，参照上方打开私有网络配置项，修改地址

常见问题

未正常关闭VirtualBox导致启动时提示：获取 VirtualBox COM 对象失败

1.win+r，并输入services.msc，回车
2.进入Windows的服务管理器，找到VirtualBox虚拟机的服务'VirtualBox system service'
3.双击进入，将启动类型改为“手动”，服务状态“启动”，确定后退出

No supported authentication methods available (server sent: publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic)

参数 PasswordAuthentication的默认值为 yes，SSH服务将其值置为 no以禁用密码验证登录，导致此类故障。需要修改 PasswordAuthentication配置解决此问题。