B-Tree索引代码流程分析
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概述
在postgresql最常用的索引就是btree,它支持范围和等值查询。
本文主要介绍btree的代码的入口,接口定义,主要涉及索引的查询,插入,删除,和数据的清理操作。
前言
索引是为了更快的找到实际数据表中的数据,那么索引键值就非常小,可以一次性从磁盘读取大量的索引数据。
但是有些索引值中存储了实际数据,与数据是一一对应的,就是密集型索引,而有一些索引并不存储实际数据,而是存储范围内的最大最小值,此类型索引叫做稀疏索引;对于密集型索引,如主键,直接可以得到对应的数据位置或对应列的数据,btree算法就可以支持此类型的索引;
而稀疏索引,查到索引后,需要再遍历数据表,或者二级索引才能命中目标数据。
代码入口
postgresql中为了代码的解耦,定义了索引操作的结构体,基成员是一组统一的操作和标识选项;
对于btree的定义如下,可以在这里找到btree索引的操作接口名称,在实际实用的只是调用结构体的成员,也就是函数指针。
/** Btree handler function: return IndexAmRoutine with access method parameters* and callbacks.*/
Datum
bthandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{IndexAmRoutine *amroutine = makeNode(IndexAmRoutine);amroutine->amstrategies = BTMaxStrategyNumber;amroutine->amsupport = BTNProcs;amroutine->amoptsprocnum = BTOPTIONS_PROC;amroutine->amcanorder = true;amroutine->amcanorderbyop = false;amroutine->amcanbackward = true;amroutine->amcanunique = true;amroutine->amcanmulticol = true;amroutine->amoptionalkey = true;amroutine->amsearcharray = true;amroutine->amsearchnulls = true;amroutine->amstorage = false;amroutine->amclusterable = true;amroutine->ampredlocks = true;amroutine->amcanparallel = true;amroutine->amcaninclude = true;amroutine->amusemaintenanceworkmem = false;amroutine->amsummarizing = false;amroutine->amparallelvacuumoptions =VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_BULKDEL | VACUUM_OPTION_PARALLEL_COND_CLEANUP;amroutine->amkeytype = InvalidOid;amroutine->ambuild = btbuild;amroutine->ambuildempty = btbuildempty;amroutine->aminsert = btinsert;amroutine->ambulkdelete = btbulkdelete;amroutine->amvacuumcleanup = btvacuumcleanup;amroutine->amcanreturn = btcanreturn;amroutine->amcostestimate = btcostestimate;amroutine->amoptions = btoptions;amroutine->amproperty = btproperty;amroutine->ambuildphasename = btbuildphasename;amroutine->amvalidate = btvalidate;amroutine->amadjustmembers = btadjustmembers;amroutine->ambeginscan = btbeginscan;amroutine->amrescan = btrescan;amroutine->amgettuple = btgettuple;amroutine->amgetbitmap = btgetbitmap;amroutine->amendscan = btendscan;amroutine->ammarkpos = btmarkpos;amroutine->amrestrpos = btrestrpos;amroutine->amestimateparallelscan = btestimateparallelscan;amroutine->aminitparallelscan = btinitparallelscan;amroutine->amparallelrescan = btparallelrescan;PG_RETURN_POINTER(amroutine);
}
我们首先来看索引的基本操作,查询btgettuple,插入btinsert和删除。
索引查询
索引查询的调用栈
- ExecIndexScan
在执行计划中会有索引查询的节点,如ExecIndexScan, 发起索引查询,通过索引查找到数据表的tuple;
- -> IndexNext
返回数据表的tuple, 如果是稀疏索引,此处会进行二次查找;
- -> index_getnext_slot
返回数据表的tuple,此处会使用索引找到的tid,在数据表中查找,并检查可见性,如果不可见,那继续查找下一条;
- -> index_getnext_tid
返回索引键中的记录的tid;
- ->btgettuple
在索引中查找, 通过遍历比较,命中查找键对应的索引项
查找索引数据的基本流程
索引的查找大致分为两个步骤:
- 找到起始点,也就是查找键值
- 从起始点开始扫描,返回符合条件的索引项
代码分析
索引的查询入口函数是 btgettuple,下面是它的实现;
bool
btgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir)
{BTScanOpaque so = (BTScanOpaque) scan->opaque;bool res;/* btree indexes are never lossy */scan->xs_recheck = false;/** If we have any array keys, initialize them during first call for a* scan. We can't do this in btrescan because we don't know the scan* direction at that time.*/if (so->numArrayKeys && !BTScanPosIsValid(so->currPos)){/* punt if we have any unsatisfiable array keys */if (so->numArrayKeys < 0)return false;_bt_start_array_keys(scan, dir);}/* This loop handles advancing to the next array elements, if any */do{/** If we've already initialized this scan, we can just advance it in* the appropriate direction. If we haven't done so yet, we call* _bt_first() to get the first item in the scan.*/if (!BTScanPosIsValid(so->currPos))res = _bt_first(scan, dir); else{/** Check to see if we should kill the previously-fetched tuple.*/if (scan->kill_prior_tuple){/** Yes, remember it for later. (We'll deal with all such* tuples at once right before leaving the index page.) The* test for numKilled overrun is not just paranoia: if the* caller reverses direction in the indexscan then the same* item might get entered multiple times. It's not worth* trying to optimize that, so we don't detect it, but instead* just forget any excess entries.*/if (so->killedItems == NULL)so->killedItems = (int *)palloc(MaxTIDsPerBTreePage * sizeof(int));if (so->numKilled < MaxTIDsPerBTreePage)so->killedItems[so->numKilled++] = so->currPos.itemIndex;}/** Now continue the scan.*/res = _bt_next(scan, dir);}/* If we have a tuple, return it ... */if (res)break;/* ... otherwise see if we have more array keys to deal with */} while (so->numArrayKeys && _bt_advance_array_keys(scan, dir));return res;
}
- 初始化查找点;从代码来看,进入循环后,先 BTScanPosIsValid(so->currPos) 判断currPos是否有效,也就是查找点是否已经初始化;如果没有初始化,则调用 _bt_first 进行初始化;
- 扫描索引项; 初始化查找点后,调用 _bt_next 获取一条索引项数据,找到有效索引后就会返回;
索引插入
索引插入调用栈
从insert来看,调用路径如下
- ExecInsert
SQL insert语句的执行入口函数
- -> ExecInsertIndexTuples
如果当前表中建有索引,在表数据tuple插入后,调用此函数插入索引,有可能存在多个索引,循环对每个索引调用下级函数进行插入;
- index_insert
索引插入的公共调用接口,实际调用对应索引的插入定义接口;
- btinsert
btree索引插入的操作的入口函数; 在此函数中,首先拼装一个索引tuple,然后调用下级函数进行插入;
- _bt_doinsert
执行索引项的插入,会经过查找位置,检查唯一性,插入等一系列流程环节;
索引插入的基本流程
索引插入的大体流程主要有以下环节:
- 查找索引项插入的位置,因为btree是一个有序的树,所以先要找到插入的位置,保持顺序; 此时会与索引查询类似,先初始化查找键,并找到查询点;
- 唯一性约束的检查,如果索引中属性列都为NULL,是不进行唯一性检查的;
- 索引的插入环节,调用_bt_insertonpg来完成,其中会有查找空闲空间,可能会索引分裂等;
代码分析
索引插入的入函数是 btinsert,实际执行是 _bt_doinsert,下面来看一下执行的代码流程;
bool
_bt_doinsert(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup,IndexUniqueCheck checkUnique, bool indexUnchanged,Relation heapRel)
{bool is_unique = false;BTInsertStateData insertstate;BTScanInsert itup_key;BTStack stack;bool checkingunique = (checkUnique != UNIQUE_CHECK_NO);/* we need an insertion scan key to do our search, so build one */itup_key = _bt_mkscankey(rel, itup);if (checkingunique){if (!itup_key->anynullkeys){/* No (heapkeyspace) scantid until uniqueness established */itup_key->scantid = NULL;}else{checkingunique = false;/* Tuple is unique in the sense that core code cares about */Assert(checkUnique != UNIQUE_CHECK_EXISTING);is_unique = true;}}insertstate.itup = itup;insertstate.itemsz = MAXALIGN(IndexTupleSize(itup));insertstate.itup_key = itup_key;insertstate.bounds_valid = false;insertstate.buf = InvalidBuffer;insertstate.postingoff = 0;search:stack = _bt_search_insert(rel, heapRel, &insertstate);if (checkingunique){TransactionId xwait;uint32 speculativeToken;xwait = _bt_check_unique(rel, &insertstate, heapRel, checkUnique,&is_unique, &speculativeToken);if (unlikely(TransactionIdIsValid(xwait))){/* Have to wait for the other guy ... */_bt_relbuf(rel, insertstate.buf);insertstate.buf = InvalidBuffer;if (speculativeToken)SpeculativeInsertionWait(xwait, speculativeToken);elseXactLockTableWait(xwait, rel, &itup->t_tid, XLTW_InsertIndex);/* start over... */if (stack)_bt_freestack(stack);goto search;}/* Uniqueness is established -- restore heap tid as scantid */if (itup_key->heapkeyspace)itup_key->scantid = &itup->t_tid;}if (checkUnique != UNIQUE_CHECK_EXISTING){OffsetNumber newitemoff;CheckForSerializableConflictIn(rel, NULL, BufferGetBlockNumber(insertstate.buf));newitemoff = _bt_findinsertloc(rel, &insertstate, checkingunique,indexUnchanged, stack, heapRel);_bt_insertonpg(rel, heapRel, itup_key, insertstate.buf, InvalidBuffer,stack, itup, insertstate.itemsz, newitemoff,insertstate.postingoff, false);}else{/* just release the buffer */_bt_relbuf(rel, insertstate.buf);}/* be tidy */if (stack)_bt_freestack(stack);pfree(itup_key);return is_unique;
}
代码流程如下:
- 初始化工作; 初始化查找键;
- 查找插入位置; 调用 _bt_search_insert 进行查询到一个有足够空闲空间的叶子节点page;
- 检查唯一性约束;检查唯一性约束,如果有冲突事务,则等待冲突事务执行完成后,再重新查询位置,再检查唯一性约束;然后对结果的判断checkUnique != UNIQUE_CHECK_EXISTING,如果违返那么插入结束;否则执行插入动作;
- 索引插入;先确定插入位置,再调用_bt_insertonpg;
索引删除
索引的更新,就是删除和插入操作,这里我们来看一下索引删除的概要流程。
对于数据表的tuple的删除,数据并没有真实删除,所以对应的索引项也不会删除,那么什么时候删除索引项呢?
删除索引基本流程
在进行vacuum 或进行 prune paga时,对于HOT链都会在每个page上留下最后一个数据元组,因为同一个page内的HOT链只对应一个索引项,留下这最后一个也是为了删除索引项。
当进行vacuum 索引时,就会通过这个dead tuple找到对应的索引项,先删除索引项,再删除dead tuple。
常常说索引的性能下降了,其实就是索引膨胀导致,也就是deadtuple变多,导致待删除索引项变多,查询效率大降低,同时也会带来索引IO的增加。
代码分析
- vac_bulkdel_one_index
调用 通用索引处理接口;
- ->index_bulk_delete
这里通用索引处理接口,其中调用对应索引的处理接口,这里是调用btree索引处理;
- ->btbulkdelete
btree对应的批量删除接口; 避免退出的影响,在开始时会注册退出的回调函数,在解除共享内存前处理善后;然后调用 btvacuumscan 对所有page进行索引删除清理。
结尾
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