在开始之前,我们先来看以下代码会有什么问题?
public class ThreadStopExample {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {try {System.out.println("子线程开始执行");// 模拟业务处理Thread.sleep(1000);} catch (Exception e) { }// 伪代码:重要的业务方法System.out.println("子线程的重要业务方法");});t1.start();// 让子线程先运行一点业务Thread.sleep(100);// 终止子线程t1.stop();// 等待一段时间,确保子线程“执行完”Thread.sleep(3000);System.out.println("主线程执行完成");}
}
或许你已经发现了,上面这段代码使用了 Thread.stop()
来终止线程,在 Java 程序中是不允许这样终止线程的。什么?你问为什么不能这样?
首先来说 IDE 都会鄙视你了,它会阻止你使用 Thread.stop()
!
什么?你不信。那么来看这张图:
好吧,那为什么不能这样用呢?总得给我一个敷衍的理由吧?
问题一:破坏了程序的完整性
其实是这样的,以文章刚开头的那段代码来说,它的执行结果是:
子线程开始执行
主线程执行完成
我们发现了一个惊天的大问题,最重要的那段伪代码竟然没执行,如下图所示:
可以看出使用 stop()
终止线程之后,线程剩余的部分代码会放弃执行,这样会造成严重的且不易被发现的惊天大 Bug,假如没有执行的那段代码是释放系统资源的代码,或者是此程序的主要逻辑处理代码。这就破坏了程序基本逻辑的完整性,导致意想不到的问题发生,而且它还很隐秘,不易被发现和修复。
有人说,这还不简单,我加个 finally
不就完了吗?
这???杠精哪都有,今年特别多。
行,既然这个说服不了你,咱接着往下看。
问题二:破坏了原子逻辑
我们知道在 Java 中 synchronized
属于独占式可重入悲观锁,如果我们使用它修饰代码,妥妥的多线程没问题,但如果碰到 stop()
方法就不一定了,直接来看代码吧。
public class ThreadStopExample {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {MyThread myThread = new MyThread();Thread t2 = new Thread(myThread);// 开启线程t2.start();for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread t = new Thread(myThread);t.start();}// 结束线程t2.stop();}/*** 自定义原子测试线程*/static class MyThread implements Runnable {// 计数器int num = 0;@Overridepublic void run() {// 同步代码块,保证原子操作synchronized (MyThread.class) {// 自增num++;try {// 线程休眠 0.1 秒Thread.sleep(100);} catch (InterruptedException e) {e.printStackTrace();}// 自减num--;System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " | num=" + num);}}}
}
以上程序的执行结果为:
Thread-5 | num=1
Thread-4 | num=1
Thread-2 | num=1
Thread-1 | num=1
Thread-8 | num=1
Thread-6 | num=1
Thread-9 | num=1
Thread-3 | num=1
Thread-7 | num=1
Thread-10 | num=1
从结果可以看出,以上代码经过 synchronized
修饰的 ++ 和 – 操作,到最后打印的结果 num 竟然不是 0,而是 1。
这是因为 stop()
方法会释放此线程中的所有锁,导致程序执行紊乱,破坏了程序的原子操作逻辑。
以上的这些问题,导致了 JDK 废弃了 stop()
的方法,它的废弃源码如下:
/*** Forces the thread to stop executing.* <p>* If there is a security manager installed, its <code>checkAccess</code>* method is called with <code>this</code>* as its argument. This may result in a* <code>SecurityException</code> being raised (in the current thread).* <p>* If this thread is different from the current thread (that is, the current* thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself), the* security manager's <code>checkPermission</code> method (with a* <code>RuntimePermission("stopThread")</code> argument) is called in* addition.* Again, this may result in throwing a* <code>SecurityException</code> (in the current thread).* <p>* The thread represented by this thread is forced to stop whatever* it is doing abnormally and to throw a newly created* <code>ThreadDeath</code> object as an exception.* <p>* It is permitted to stop a thread that has not yet been started.* If the thread is eventually started, it immediately terminates.* <p>* An application should not normally try to catch* <code>ThreadDeath</code> unless it must do some extraordinary* cleanup operation (note that the throwing of* <code>ThreadDeath</code> causes <code>finally</code> clauses of* <code>try</code> statements to be executed before the thread* officially dies). If a <code>catch</code> clause catches a* <code>ThreadDeath</code> object, it is important to rethrow the* object so that the thread actually dies.* <p>* The top-level error handler that reacts to otherwise uncaught* exceptions does not print out a message or otherwise notify the* application if the uncaught exception is an instance of* <code>ThreadDeath</code>.** @exception SecurityException if the current thread cannot* modify this thread.* @see #interrupt()* @see #checkAccess()* @see #run()* @see #start()* @see ThreadDeath* @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException(Thread,Throwable)* @see SecurityManager#checkAccess(Thread)* @see SecurityManager#checkPermission* @deprecated This method is inherently unsafe. Stopping a thread with* Thread.stop causes it to unlock all of the monitors that it* has locked (as a natural consequence of the unchecked* <code>ThreadDeath</code> exception propagating up the stack). If* any of the objects previously protected by these monitors were in* an inconsistent state, the damaged objects become visible to* other threads, potentially resulting in arbitrary behavior. Many* uses of <code>stop</code> should be replaced by code that simply* modifies some variable to indicate that the target thread should* stop running. The target thread should check this variable* regularly, and return from its run method in an orderly fashion* if the variable indicates that it is to stop running. If the* target thread waits for long periods (on a condition variable,* for example), the <code>interrupt</code> method should be used to* interrupt the wait.* For more information, see* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/concurrency/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why* are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.*/
@Deprecated
public final void stop() {SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();if (security != null) {checkAccess();if (this != Thread.currentThread()) {security.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.STOP_THREAD_PERMISSION);}}// A zero status value corresponds to "NEW", it can't change to// not-NEW because we hold the lock.if (threadStatus != 0) {resume(); // Wake up thread if it was suspended; no-op otherwise}// The VM can handle all thread statesstop0(new ThreadDeath());
}
可以看出 stop()
方法被 @Deprecated
注释修饰了,而被此注解修饰的代码表示为过时方法,不建议被使用。从 stop()
的备注信息可以看出,官方也不建议使用 stop()
,说它是一个非安全的方法。
正确终止线程
那如何终止线程呢?这里提供 2 个正确的方法:
- 设置退出标识退出线程;
- 使用
interrupt()
方法终止线程。
1.自定义退出标识
我们可以自定义一个布尔变量来标识是否需要退出线程,实现代码如下:
// 自定义退出标识退出线程
static class FlagThread extends Thread {public volatile boolean exit = false;public void run() {while (!exit) {// 执行正常的业务逻辑}}
}
可以看出我们使用了关键字 volatile
对线程进行了修饰,这样就可以保证多线程的执行安全了,在我们需要让线程退出时,只需要把变量 exit
赋值为 true
就可以了。
2.interrupt 终止线程
当我们使用 interrupt()
方法时,以上两个示例的执行结果就正常了,执行代码如下:
public class ThreadStopExample {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {// 问题一:破坏了程序的完整性Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {try {System.out.println("子线程开始执行");// 模拟业务处理Thread.sleep(1000);} catch (Exception e) { }// 伪代码:重要业务方法System.out.println("子线程的重要业务方法");});t1.start();// 让子线程先运行一点业务Thread.sleep(100);// 终止子线程t1.interrupt();// 等待一段时间,确保子线程“执行完”Thread.sleep(3000);System.out.println("主线程执行完成");// 问题二:破坏了原子逻辑MyThread myThread = new MyThread();Thread t2 = new Thread(myThread);// 开启线程t2.start();for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {Thread t = new Thread(myThread);t.start();}// 结束线程t2.interrupt();}/*** 自定义原子测试线程*/static class MyThread implements Runnable {// 计数器int num = 0;@Overridepublic void run() {// 同步代码块,保证原子操作synchronized (MyThread.class) {// 自增num++;try {// 线程休眠 0.1 秒Thread.sleep(100);} catch (InterruptedException e) {System.out.println(e.getMessage());}// 自减num--;System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " | num=" + num);}}}
}
以上程序的执行结果为:
子线程开始执行
子线程的重要业务方法
主线程执行完成
sleep interrupted
Thread-1 | num=0
Thread-9 | num=0
Thread-10 | num=0
Thread-7 | num=0
Thread-6 | num=0
Thread-5 | num=0
Thread-4 | num=0
Thread-2 | num=0
Thread-3 | num=0
Thread-11 | num=0
Thread-8 | num=0
可以看出以上的执行都符合我们的预期,这才是正确的终止线程的方式。
总结
本文我们讲了线程的三种终止方式,自定义退出标识的方式、使用 stop()
的方式或 interrupt()
的方式。其中 stop()
的方式会导致程序的完整性和原子性被破坏的问题,并且此方法被 JDK 标识为过期方法,不建议使用,而 interrupt()
方法无疑是最适合我们的终止线程的方式。
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